Welcome to the Adélie Linux 1.0 Administrator's Handbook. You'll learn a lot about how to administrate your Adélie Linux computer. We'll get started by looking at how Adélie Linux compares to other popular operating environments. We will also review some of the software used that will feature in the chapters ahead.

Adélie Linux is a Linux distribution focused on security, speed, reliability, and correctness. Since it is based on the Linux kernel, it shares some common traits with other Linux distributions. However, it has many unique facets as well. One of the defining differences of Adélie Linux is the commitment to run on many different hardware platforms. The first comparison we will review is the hardware platforms that various environments support. Environment DEC Alpha ARM 32 / 64 HP PA-RISC Intel 32 / 64 m68K MIPS PowerPC 32 / 64 S390x SPARC64 Adélie Linux ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✓ / ✓ DevThis port is in active development. It is not currently available yet. Dev ✓ / ✓ ✗ Dev Alpine Linux ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ / ✗ ✓ ✗ Arch Linux ✗ ✗An unofficial port exists. / ✗ ✗ ✗ / ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ / ✗ ✗ ✗ Debian GNU/Linux ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✓This is an unofficial Debian port and may be removed from Debian at any time. ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ Fedora ✗ ✗ / ✓ ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ / ✗ ✓ ✗ FreeBSD ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✓ Gentoo Linux ✓ ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✓ ✓ Mac OS X ✗ ✗ / ✓ ✗ ✗ / ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ / ✗Mac OS X supported 32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC until 10.5. ✗ ✗ Windows ✗ ✗ / ✓ ✗ ✓ / ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ / ✗ ✗ ✗ Next, let's compare the policies of these environments. Environment Release cycle Libre software Proprietary software Package manager Adélie Linux Release every 18 months; support for 3 years All libre licenses allowed Not available APK Alpine Linux Release every 6 months; support for 2 years All libre licenses allowed Non-libre firmware in core repositories APK Arch Linux "Rolling"; no stable release All libre licenses allowed Non-libre software in core repositories Pacman Debian GNU/Linux Release every 2 years; support for 3 years All libre licenses allowed Available in specific repository only dpkg or apt-get Fedora Linux Release every 6 months; support for 13 months All libre licenses allowed Available in specific repository only rpm or dnf FreeBSD Release every 2 years; support varies All libre licenses allowed Limited pkg-ng, or compiled from ports Gentoo Linux Weekly snapshots; no stable release All libre licenses allowed Available only if user allows them Portage Mac OS X Stable release every year; support for 2 years BSD and MIT-style only; most GPL software not allowed Most system components App Store Windows "Rolling"; no stable release All libre licenses allowed All system components Various Lastly, let's have a more technical comparison of these environments. Environment Compiler and libc Initialisation system Shell environment Desktop environment Custom package support Adélie Linux GCC, musl OpenRC (default) or s6 zsh (default) or others KDE Plasma 5 and others Yes Alpine Linux GCC, musl OpenRC BusyBox ash (default) or others GNOME 3 and others Yes Arch Linux GCC, glibc systemd bash (default) or others GNOME 3 and others Yes Debian GNU/Linux GCC, glibc systemd (default) or sysvinit bash (default) or others GNOME 3 and others Some Fedora Linux GCC, glibc systemd bash (default) or others GNOME 3 (default) or KDE Plasma 5 Yes FreeBSD Clang, FreeBSD FreeBSD Bourne shell (default) or tcsh GNOME 2 or KDE SC 4 Yes Gentoo Linux GCC or clang, glibc or musl or uclibc OpenRC (default) or systemd bash (default) or others GNOME 3 and others Yes Mac OS X Clang, FreeBSD launchd bash (default) or tcsh Aqua Yes Windows Clang, Win32 Custom PowerShell (default) or bash Win32 Yes, with proprietary software

The Adélie Linux operating environment has many features that stand out from other environments.

The first, and most important, is dedication to only providing libre software. What is "libre software"? Simply put, libre software is software that gives power to you as a user, instead of giving power to the developer or a corporation. Many proprietary software packages have long contracts (sometimes termed "license agreements" or "EULAs") that restrict what you can do with them. Libre software allows you the right to use it in any manner you wish, and the right to be able to change it yourself if you find an issue with it. For many, this may not seem important, since most people are not computer programmers and cannot actually change software themselves. On the contrary, it is very important. This allows those who are computer programmers, security researchers, and other interested parties to review the source code for errors. If an error, defect, or security issue is found during a review, it can be rectified nearly instantly. This gives you an additional benefit: If the original developer of a proprietary software package no longer wishes to maintain it, they can discontinue it and take away your right to use it, even if you paid for it. This is not possible with libre software. The software that you use is yours to use for your entire lifetime. Many other environments, including most other Linux distributions, eventually give in to the pressure to ship non-libre software. The Adélie Linux software packaging guidelines specifically prohibits non-libre software from being included in Adélie Linux.

Another valuable feature of Adélie Linux for administrators is the ability to choose what package serves your environment best. You are not forced to use a specific init system, shell, MTA, logging daemon, or other such systems. Your system is yours, and you have the freedom to choose. For instance, the APK package manager will automatically prompt you to choose an MTA from the provided MTA packages when you install a package that requires one.

Adélie Linux puts stability first. Package versions are chosen from upstream stability guarantees, and are LTS releases where possible. Security patches are prioritised over feature releases. Adélie Linux has a predictable release schedule, with new major releases every 18 months, and minor releases provided for three years after each new major release. There are three "release channels" for Adélie: "stable", "current", and "dev". A "stable" channel is provided for each major version that will update your computer to each new minor release automatically. The "current" channel will also automatically upgrade your computer to each new major version as it is released. The "dev" channel provides a "rolling" style distribution, similar to Fedora Rawhide or Debian sid.

Adélie Linux supports many different hardware platforms, allowing you to truly use your hardware your way. All Adélie Linux packages are tested on all tier 1 architectures before being released. From your PowerPC/POWER workstation, to your dusty old Intel x86 notebook, to your ARM 64 tablet, you can ensure you are getting the most from your computers by using Adélie Linux on them.

Now it's time to go over a brief run-down of the day-to-day administration of an Adélie system. These will be covered with more depth in later chapters.

The shell environment, also called a terminal or console, is an interface where you type commands in to a command processor (the shell), and view the results of the command on your screen. Windows users may know this environment as a "Command Prompt". The shell environment is an essential part of administrating any Linux system. Adélie Linux is designed to make the shell environment easy to use while still providing you the ability to view and edit nearly every detail about your system. The default interactive shell in the Adélie Linux system is the Z shell (zsh). This shell has many unique and powerful features, but by default, it works very similar to the widely-used Bash shell. When you start your shell, you will be greeted with a prompt similar to: yourname on computer-name ~ % The prompt contains your username, the name of the computer you are currently logged in to, and your current directory. The "~" represents your home directory, where your personal files and settings are stored. This "~" will change as you move around the directories on your computer's hard disk. For example, if you type cd Documents to change to the Documents directory in your home directory, your prompt will then show: yourname on computer-name ~/Documents % Your computer's name is always shown to you in the prompt. This way, if you connect remotely to another computer, you will easily be able to tell where the commands you type are running.

All software in Adélie Linux is provided to you in the form of packages. A "software package" is a single distribution of computer software that fulfils a purpose. For example, AbiWord, a word processor, is provided in the "abiword" package. When you want to install or uninstall software from your computer, you add (to install) or delete (to uninstall) packages. Adélie Linux uses the APK package manager. The APK package manager is very fast, and performs well even on computers with limited resources. To install a package, you run apk add PACKAGE, where PACKAGE is the name of the software. To uninstall a package, you run apk del PACKAGE.

Adélie Linux allows you to run software in the background, called "services" or "daemons". These include network services (such as a Web server or print server), a task scheduler (also known as "at" and "cron"), automatic virus scanner, or any other useful background task. By default, Adélie Linux uses a service manager called OpenRC. You can manage services using the service command. For example, to restart the lighttpd service, you run service lighttpd restart.