Use process pool executors for web-crawling and retrieving archives (#39888)

Fix a race condition when searching urls, and updating a shared
set '_visited'.

20 files changed, 296 insertions, 284 deletions

diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/binary_distribution.py b/lib/spack/spack/binary_distribution.py
index b85dec9bf6..50043af762 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/binary_distribution.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/binary_distribution.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from llnl.util.filesystem import BaseDirectoryVisitor, mkdirp, visit_directory_t
 import spack.cmd
 import spack.config as config
 import spack.database as spack_db
+import spack.error
 import spack.hooks
 import spack.hooks.sbang
 import spack.mirror
@@ -1417,7 +1418,7 @@ def try_fetch(url_to_fetch):
 
     try:
         stage.fetch()
-    except web_util.FetchError:
+    except spack.error.FetchError:
         stage.destroy()
         return None
 
@@ -2144,7 +2145,7 @@ def get_keys(install=False, trust=False, force=False, mirrors=None):
                 if not os.path.exists(stage.save_filename):
                     try:
                         stage.fetch()
-                    except web_util.FetchError:
+                    except spack.error.FetchError:
                         continue
 
             tty.debug("Found key {0}".format(fingerprint))
@@ -2296,7 +2297,7 @@ def _download_buildcache_entry(mirror_root, descriptions):
             try:
                 stage.fetch()
                 break
-            except web_util.FetchError as e:
+            except spack.error.FetchError as e:
                 tty.debug(e)
         else:
             if fail_if_missing:
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py
index 17d3f6728c..f611956c36 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/buildcache.py
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ def copy_buildcache_file(src_url, dest_url, local_path=None):
             temp_stage.create()
             temp_stage.fetch()
             web_util.push_to_url(local_path, dest_url, keep_original=True)
-        except web_util.FetchError as e:
+        except spack.error.FetchError as e:
             # Expected, since we have to try all the possible extensions
             tty.debug("no such file: {0}".format(src_url))
             tty.debug(e)
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/checksum.py b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/checksum.py
index c94756b0c0..a0d6611d94 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/checksum.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/checksum.py
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
     modes_parser.add_argument(
         "--verify", action="store_true", default=False, help="verify known package checksums"
     )
-    arguments.add_common_arguments(subparser, ["package"])
+    arguments.add_common_arguments(subparser, ["package", "jobs"])
     subparser.add_argument(
         "versions", nargs=argparse.REMAINDER, help="versions to generate checksums for"
     )
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def checksum(parser, args):
 
     # Add latest version if requested
     if args.latest:
-        remote_versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions()
+        remote_versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions(args.jobs)
         if len(remote_versions) > 0:
             latest_version = sorted(remote_versions.keys(), reverse=True)[0]
             versions.append(latest_version)
@@ -119,13 +119,13 @@ def checksum(parser, args):
         # if we get here, it's because no valid url was provided by the package
         # do expensive fallback to try to recover
         if remote_versions is None:
-            remote_versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions()
+            remote_versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions(args.jobs)
         if version in remote_versions:
             url_dict[version] = remote_versions[version]
 
     if len(versions) <= 0:
         if remote_versions is None:
-            remote_versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions()
+            remote_versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions(args.jobs)
         url_dict = remote_versions
 
     if not url_dict:
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/versions.py b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/versions.py
index d35a823032..9ac6c9e4da 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/versions.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/versions.py
@@ -37,10 +37,7 @@ def setup_parser(subparser):
         action="store_true",
         help="only list remote versions newer than the latest checksummed version",
     )
-    subparser.add_argument(
-        "-c", "--concurrency", default=32, type=int, help="number of concurrent requests"
-    )
-    arguments.add_common_arguments(subparser, ["package"])
+    arguments.add_common_arguments(subparser, ["package", "jobs"])
 
 
 def versions(parser, args):
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ def versions(parser, args):
         if args.safe:
             return
 
-    fetched_versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions(args.concurrency)
+    fetched_versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions(args.jobs)
 
     if args.new:
         if sys.stdout.isatty():
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/error.py b/lib/spack/spack/error.py
index 33986c9cde..8c9015ed6d 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/error.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/error.py
@@ -128,3 +128,7 @@ class UnsatisfiableSpecError(SpecError):
         self.provided = provided
         self.required = required
         self.constraint_type = constraint_type
+
+
+class FetchError(SpackError):
+    """Superclass for fetch-related errors."""
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py b/lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py
index 87c6e0fc61..90ff8527fd 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ class URLFetchStrategy(FetchStrategy):
 
             try:
                 web_util.check_curl_code(curl.returncode)
-            except web_util.FetchError as err:
+            except spack.error.FetchError as err:
                 raise spack.fetch_strategy.FailedDownloadError(url, str(err))
 
         self._check_headers(headers)
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ class S3FetchStrategy(URLFetchStrategy):
 
         parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.url)
         if parsed_url.scheme != "s3":
-            raise web_util.FetchError("S3FetchStrategy can only fetch from s3:// urls.")
+            raise spack.error.FetchError("S3FetchStrategy can only fetch from s3:// urls.")
 
         tty.debug("Fetching {0}".format(self.url))
 
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ class GCSFetchStrategy(URLFetchStrategy):
 
         parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.url)
         if parsed_url.scheme != "gs":
-            raise web_util.FetchError("GCSFetchStrategy can only fetch from gs:// urls.")
+            raise spack.error.FetchError("GCSFetchStrategy can only fetch from gs:// urls.")
 
         tty.debug("Fetching {0}".format(self.url))
 
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ def from_kwargs(**kwargs):
             on attribute names (e.g., ``git``, ``hg``, etc.)
 
     Raises:
-        spack.util.web.FetchError: If no ``fetch_strategy`` matches the args.
+        spack.error.FetchError: If no ``fetch_strategy`` matches the args.
     """
     for fetcher in all_strategies:
         if fetcher.matches(kwargs):
@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ def for_package_version(pkg, version=None):
     # if it's a commit, we must use a GitFetchStrategy
     if isinstance(version, spack.version.GitVersion):
         if not hasattr(pkg, "git"):
-            raise web_util.FetchError(
+            raise spack.error.FetchError(
                 f"Cannot fetch git version for {pkg.name}. Package has no 'git' attribute"
             )
         # Populate the version with comparisons to other commits
@@ -1688,11 +1688,11 @@ class FsCache:
         shutil.rmtree(self.root, ignore_errors=True)
 
 
-class NoCacheError(web_util.FetchError):
+class NoCacheError(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised when there is no cached archive for a package."""
 
 
-class FailedDownloadError(web_util.FetchError):
+class FailedDownloadError(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised when a download fails."""
 
     def __init__(self, url, msg=""):
@@ -1700,23 +1700,23 @@ class FailedDownloadError(web_util.FetchError):
         self.url = url
 
 
-class NoArchiveFileError(web_util.FetchError):
+class NoArchiveFileError(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised when an archive file is expected but none exists."""
 
 
-class NoDigestError(web_util.FetchError):
+class NoDigestError(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised after attempt to checksum when URL has no digest."""
 
 
-class ExtrapolationError(web_util.FetchError):
+class ExtrapolationError(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised when we can't extrapolate a version for a package."""
 
 
-class FetcherConflict(web_util.FetchError):
+class FetcherConflict(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised for packages with invalid fetch attributes."""
 
 
-class InvalidArgsError(web_util.FetchError):
+class InvalidArgsError(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised when a version can't be deduced from a set of arguments."""
 
     def __init__(self, pkg=None, version=None, **args):
@@ -1729,11 +1729,11 @@ class InvalidArgsError(web_util.FetchError):
         super().__init__(msg, long_msg)
 
 
-class ChecksumError(web_util.FetchError):
+class ChecksumError(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised when archive fails to checksum."""
 
 
-class NoStageError(web_util.FetchError):
+class NoStageError(spack.error.FetchError):
     """Raised when fetch operations are called before set_stage()."""
 
     def __init__(self, method):
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/package_base.py b/lib/spack/spack/package_base.py
index 67cebb3a8f..940c12c11a 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/package_base.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/package_base.py
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ from spack.installer import InstallError, PackageInstaller
 from spack.stage import DIYStage, ResourceStage, Stage, StageComposite, compute_stage_name
 from spack.util.executable import ProcessError, which
 from spack.util.package_hash import package_hash
-from spack.util.web import FetchError
 from spack.version import GitVersion, StandardVersion, Version
 
 FLAG_HANDLER_RETURN_TYPE = Tuple[
@@ -1394,7 +1393,7 @@ class PackageBase(WindowsRPath, PackageViewMixin, metaclass=PackageMeta):
                     tty.debug("Fetching with no checksum. {0}".format(ck_msg))
 
             if not ignore_checksum:
-                raise FetchError(
+                raise spack.error.FetchError(
                     "Will not fetch %s" % self.spec.format("{name}{@version}"), ck_msg
                 )
 
@@ -1420,7 +1419,7 @@ class PackageBase(WindowsRPath, PackageViewMixin, metaclass=PackageMeta):
                     tty.debug("Fetching deprecated version. {0}".format(dp_msg))
 
             if not ignore_deprecation:
-                raise FetchError(
+                raise spack.error.FetchError(
                     "Will not fetch {0}".format(self.spec.format("{name}{@version}")), dp_msg
                 )
 
@@ -1447,7 +1446,7 @@ class PackageBase(WindowsRPath, PackageViewMixin, metaclass=PackageMeta):
             self.stage.expand_archive()
 
             if not os.listdir(self.stage.path):
-                raise FetchError("Archive was empty for %s" % self.name)
+                raise spack.error.FetchError("Archive was empty for %s" % self.name)
         else:
             # Support for post-install hooks requires a stage.source_path
             fsys.mkdirp(self.stage.source_path)
@@ -2365,7 +2364,7 @@ class PackageBase(WindowsRPath, PackageViewMixin, metaclass=PackageMeta):
                 urls.append(args["url"])
         return urls
 
-    def fetch_remote_versions(self, concurrency=128):
+    def fetch_remote_versions(self, concurrency=None):
         """Find remote versions of this package.
 
         Uses ``list_url`` and any other URLs listed in the package file.
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/patch.py b/lib/spack/spack/patch.py
index 7bbab326d1..23a5ee20a8 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/patch.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/patch.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class Patch:
         self.level = level
         self.working_dir = working_dir
 
-    def apply(self, stage: spack.stage.Stage):
+    def apply(self, stage: "spack.stage.Stage"):
         """Apply a patch to source in a stage.
 
         Arguments:
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class UrlPatch(Patch):
         if not self.sha256:
             raise PatchDirectiveError("URL patches require a sha256 checksum")
 
-    def apply(self, stage: spack.stage.Stage):
+    def apply(self, stage: "spack.stage.Stage"):
         assert self.stage.expanded, "Stage must be expanded before applying patches"
 
         # Get the patch file.
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/stage.py b/lib/spack/spack/stage.py
index 119a81ad9b..065f74eb8b 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/stage.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/stage.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
+import concurrent.futures
 import errno
 import getpass
 import glob
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import shutil
 import stat
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from typing import Dict, Iterable
+from typing import Callable, Dict, Iterable, Optional
 
 import llnl.util.lang
 import llnl.util.tty as tty
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ import spack.spec
 import spack.util.lock
 import spack.util.path as sup
 import spack.util.pattern as pattern
+import spack.util.string
 import spack.util.url as url_util
 from spack.util.crypto import bit_length, prefix_bits
-from spack.util.web import FetchError
 
 # The well-known stage source subdirectory name.
 _source_path_subdir = "spack-src"
@@ -241,10 +241,7 @@ class Stage:
     similar, and are intended to persist for only one run of spack.
     """
 
-    """Shared dict of all stage locks."""
-    stage_locks: Dict[str, spack.util.lock.Lock] = {}
-
-    """Most staging is managed by Spack.  DIYStage is one exception."""
+    #: Most staging is managed by Spack. DIYStage is one exception.
     managed_by_spack = True
 
     def __init__(
@@ -330,17 +327,12 @@ class Stage:
         # details on this approach.
         self._lock = None
         if lock:
-            if self.name not in Stage.stage_locks:
-                sha1 = hashlib.sha1(self.name.encode("utf-8")).digest()
-                lock_id = prefix_bits(sha1, bit_length(sys.maxsize))
-                stage_lock_path = os.path.join(get_stage_root(), ".lock")
-
-                tty.debug("Creating stage lock {0}".format(self.name))
-                Stage.stage_locks[self.name] = spack.util.lock.Lock(
-                    stage_lock_path, start=lock_id, length=1, desc=self.name
-                )
-
-            self._lock = Stage.stage_locks[self.name]
+            sha1 = hashlib.sha1(self.name.encode("utf-8")).digest()
+            lock_id = prefix_bits(sha1, bit_length(sys.maxsize))
+            stage_lock_path = os.path.join(get_stage_root(), ".lock")
+            self._lock = spack.util.lock.Lock(
+                stage_lock_path, start=lock_id, length=1, desc=self.name
+            )
 
         # When stages are reused, we need to know whether to re-create
         # it.  This marks whether it has been created/destroyed.
@@ -522,7 +514,7 @@ class Stage:
 
             self.fetcher = self.default_fetcher
             default_msg = "All fetchers failed for {0}".format(self.name)
-            raise FetchError(err_msg or default_msg, None)
+            raise spack.error.FetchError(err_msg or default_msg, None)
 
         print_errors(errors)
 
@@ -868,45 +860,47 @@ def purge():
                     os.remove(stage_path)
 
 
-def get_checksums_for_versions(url_dict, name, **kwargs):
-    """Fetches and checksums archives from URLs.
+def get_checksums_for_versions(
+    url_by_version: Dict[str, str],
+    package_name: str,
+    *,
+    batch: bool = False,
+    first_stage_function: Optional[Callable[[Stage, str], None]] = None,
+    keep_stage: bool = False,
+    concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    fetch_options: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """Computes the checksums for each version passed in input, and returns the results.
 
-    This function is called by both ``spack checksum`` and ``spack
-    create``.  The ``first_stage_function`` argument allows the caller to
-    inspect the first downloaded archive, e.g., to determine the build
-    system.
+    Archives are fetched according to the usl dictionary passed as input.
+
+    The ``first_stage_function`` argument allows the caller to inspect the first downloaded
+    archive, e.g., to determine the build system.
 
     Args:
-        url_dict (dict): A dictionary of the form: version -> URL
-        name (str): The name of the package
-        first_stage_function (typing.Callable): function that takes a Stage and a URL;
-            this is run on the stage of the first URL downloaded
-        keep_stage (bool): whether to keep staging area when command completes
-        batch (bool): whether to ask user how many versions to fetch (false)
-            or fetch all versions (true)
-        fetch_options (dict): Options used for the fetcher (such as timeout
-            or cookies)
+        url_by_version: URL keyed by version
+        package_name: name of the package
+        first_stage_function: function that takes a Stage and a URL; this is run on the stage
+            of the first URL downloaded
+        keep_stage: whether to keep staging area when command completes
+        batch: whether to ask user how many versions to fetch (false) or fetch all versions (true)
+        fetch_options: options used for the fetcher (such as timeout or cookies)
+        concurrency: maximum number of workers to use for retrieving archives
 
     Returns:
-        (dict): A dictionary of the form: version -> checksum
-
+        A dictionary mapping each version to the corresponding checksum
     """
-    batch = kwargs.get("batch", False)
-    fetch_options = kwargs.get("fetch_options", None)
-    first_stage_function = kwargs.get("first_stage_function", None)
-    keep_stage = kwargs.get("keep_stage", False)
-
-    sorted_versions = sorted(url_dict.keys(), reverse=True)
+    sorted_versions = sorted(url_by_version.keys(), reverse=True)
 
     # Find length of longest string in the list for padding
     max_len = max(len(str(v)) for v in sorted_versions)
     num_ver = len(sorted_versions)
 
     tty.msg(
-        "Found {0} version{1} of {2}:".format(num_ver, "" if num_ver == 1 else "s", name),
+        f"Found {spack.util.string.plural(num_ver, 'version')} of {package_name}:",
         "",
         *llnl.util.lang.elide_list(
-            ["{0:{1}}  {2}".format(str(v), max_len, url_dict[v]) for v in sorted_versions]
+            ["{0:{1}}  {2}".format(str(v), max_len, url_by_version[v]) for v in sorted_versions]
         ),
     )
     print()
@@ -922,50 +916,76 @@ def get_checksums_for_versions(url_dict, name, **kwargs):
         tty.die("Aborted.")
 
     versions = sorted_versions[:archives_to_fetch]
-    urls = [url_dict[v] for v in versions]
+    search_arguments = [(url_by_version[v], v) for v in versions]
 
-    tty.debug("Downloading...")
-    version_hashes = {}
-    i = 0
-    errors = []
-    for url, version in zip(urls, versions):
-        try:
-            if fetch_options:
-                url_or_fs = fs.URLFetchStrategy(url, fetch_options=fetch_options)
-            else:
-                url_or_fs = url
-            with Stage(url_or_fs, keep=keep_stage) as stage:
-                # Fetch the archive
-                stage.fetch()
-                if i == 0 and first_stage_function:
-                    # Only run first_stage_function the first time,
-                    # no need to run it every time
-                    first_stage_function(stage, url)
-
-                # Checksum the archive and add it to the list
-                version_hashes[version] = spack.util.crypto.checksum(
-                    hashlib.sha256, stage.archive_file
-                )
-                i += 1
-        except FailedDownloadError:
-            errors.append("Failed to fetch {0}".format(url))
-        except Exception as e:
-            tty.msg("Something failed on {0}, skipping.  ({1})".format(url, e))
+    version_hashes, errors = {}, []
+
+    # Don't spawn 16 processes when we need to fetch 2 urls
+    if concurrency is not None:
+        concurrency = min(concurrency, len(search_arguments))
+    else:
+        concurrency = min(os.cpu_count() or 1, len(search_arguments))
+
+    # The function might have side effects in memory, that would not be reflected in the
+    # parent process, if run in a child process. If this pattern happens frequently, we
+    # can move this function call *after* having distributed the work to executors.
+    if first_stage_function is not None:
+        (url, version), search_arguments = search_arguments[0], search_arguments[1:]
+        checksum, error = _fetch_and_checksum(url, fetch_options, keep_stage, first_stage_function)
+        if error is not None:
+            errors.append(error)
+
+        if checksum is not None:
+            version_hashes[version] = checksum
+
+    with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=concurrency) as executor:
+        results = []
+        for url, version in search_arguments:
+            future = executor.submit(_fetch_and_checksum, url, fetch_options, keep_stage)
+            results.append((version, future))
+
+        for version, future in results:
+            checksum, error = future.result()
+            if error is not None:
+                errors.append(error)
+                continue
+            version_hashes[version] = checksum
 
-    for msg in errors:
-        tty.debug(msg)
+        for msg in errors:
+            tty.debug(msg)
 
     if not version_hashes:
-        tty.die("Could not fetch any versions for {0}".format(name))
+        tty.die(f"Could not fetch any versions for {package_name}")
 
     num_hash = len(version_hashes)
-    tty.debug(
-        "Checksummed {0} version{1} of {2}:".format(num_hash, "" if num_hash == 1 else "s", name)
-    )
+    tty.debug(f"Checksummed {num_hash} version{'' if num_hash == 1 else 's'} of {package_name}:")
 
     return version_hashes
 
 
+def _fetch_and_checksum(url, options, keep_stage, action_fn=None):
+    try:
+        url_or_fs = url
+        if options:
+            url_or_fs = fs.URLFetchStrategy(url, fetch_options=options)
+
+        with Stage(url_or_fs, keep=keep_stage) as stage:
+            # Fetch the archive
+            stage.fetch()
+            if action_fn is not None:
+                # Only run first_stage_function the first time,
+                # no need to run it every time
+                action_fn(stage, url)
+
+            # Checksum the archive and add it to the list
+            checksum = spack.util.crypto.checksum(hashlib.sha256, stage.archive_file)
+        return checksum, None
+    except FailedDownloadError:
+        return None, f"[WORKER] Failed to fetch {url}"
+    except Exception as e:
+        return None, f"[WORKER] Something failed on {url}, skipping.  ({e})"
+
+
 class StageError(spack.error.SpackError):
     """ "Superclass for all errors encountered during staging."""
 
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/spec.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/spec.py
index fd8fe1beef..66dfce9308 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/spec.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/spec.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import spack.parser
 import spack.spec
 import spack.store
 from spack.main import SpackCommand, SpackCommandError
-from spack.util.web import FetchError
 
 pytestmark = pytest.mark.usefixtures("config", "mutable_mock_repo")
 
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@ def test_env_aware_spec(mutable_mock_env_path):
     [
         ("develop-branch-version", "f3c7206350ac8ee364af687deaae5c574dcfca2c=develop", None),
         ("develop-branch-version", "git." + "a" * 40 + "=develop", None),
-        ("callpath", "f3c7206350ac8ee364af687deaae5c574dcfca2c=1.0", FetchError),
+        ("callpath", "f3c7206350ac8ee364af687deaae5c574dcfca2c=1.0", spack.error.FetchError),
         ("develop-branch-version", "git.foo=0.2.15", None),
     ],
 )
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py
index bfc03f216f..25417de6f4 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import spack.config
 import spack.database
 import spack.directory_layout
 import spack.environment as ev
+import spack.error
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.package_prefs
 import spack.paths
@@ -52,7 +53,6 @@ import spack.util.spack_yaml as syaml
 import spack.util.url as url_util
 from spack.fetch_strategy import URLFetchStrategy
 from spack.util.pattern import Bunch
-from spack.util.web import FetchError
 
 
 def ensure_configuration_fixture_run_before(request):
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ class MockCache:
 
 class MockCacheFetcher:
     def fetch(self):
-        raise FetchError("Mock cache always fails for tests")
+        raise spack.error.FetchError("Mock cache always fails for tests")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "[mock fetch cache]"
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/gcs_fetch.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/gcs_fetch.py
index 2122eeb36d..76b9971471 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/gcs_fetch.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/gcs_fetch.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import os
 import pytest
 
 import spack.config
+import spack.error
 import spack.fetch_strategy
 import spack.stage
-from spack.util.web import FetchError
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("_fetch_method", ["curl", "urllib"])
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def test_gcsfetchstrategy_bad_url(tmpdir, _fetch_method):
         with spack.stage.Stage(fetcher, path=testpath) as stage:
             assert stage is not None
             assert fetcher.archive_file is None
-            with pytest.raises(FetchError):
+            with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError):
                 fetcher.fetch()
 
 
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/packaging.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/packaging.py
index 3ee992128b..bd49cf94ae 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/packaging.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/packaging.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ from llnl.util.symlink import symlink
 
 import spack.binary_distribution as bindist
 import spack.cmd.buildcache as buildcache
+import spack.error
 import spack.package_base
 import spack.repo
 import spack.store
@@ -522,7 +523,7 @@ def test_manual_download(
         monkeypatch.setattr(spack.package_base.PackageBase, "download_instr", _instr)
 
     expected = spec.package.download_instr if manual else "All fetchers failed"
-    with pytest.raises(spack.util.web.FetchError, match=expected):
+    with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match=expected):
         spec.package.do_fetch()
 
 
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/s3_fetch.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/s3_fetch.py
index a495e4d5e8..241d2648b5 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/s3_fetch.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/s3_fetch.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import os
 import pytest
 
 import spack.config as spack_config
+import spack.error
 import spack.fetch_strategy as spack_fs
 import spack.stage as spack_stage
-from spack.util.web import FetchError
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("_fetch_method", ["curl", "urllib"])
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def test_s3fetchstrategy_bad_url(tmpdir, _fetch_method):
         with spack_stage.Stage(fetcher, path=testpath) as stage:
             assert stage is not None
             assert fetcher.archive_file is None
-            with pytest.raises(FetchError):
+            with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError):
                 fetcher.fetch()
 
 
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/stage.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/stage.py
index dd89edf415..8b2b53dd05 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/stage.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/stage.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import pytest
 
 from llnl.util.filesystem import getuid, mkdirp, partition_path, touch, working_dir
 
+import spack.error
 import spack.paths
 import spack.stage
 import spack.util.executable
@@ -23,7 +24,6 @@ import spack.util.url as url_util
 from spack.resource import Resource
 from spack.stage import DIYStage, ResourceStage, Stage, StageComposite
 from spack.util.path import canonicalize_path
-from spack.util.web import FetchError
 
 # The following values are used for common fetch and stage mocking fixtures:
 _archive_base = "test-files"
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ class TestStage:
         with stage:
             try:
                 stage.fetch(mirror_only=True)
-            except FetchError:
+            except spack.error.FetchError:
                 pass
         check_destroy(stage, self.stage_name)
 
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ class TestStage:
         stage = Stage(failing_fetch_strategy, name=self.stage_name, search_fn=search_fn)
 
         with stage:
-            with pytest.raises(FetchError, match=expected):
+            with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match=expected):
                 stage.fetch(mirror_only=False, err_msg=err_msg)
 
         check_destroy(stage, self.stage_name)
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py
index fac2bcb16d..a3c0f7c10b 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import llnl.util.tty as tty
 from llnl.util.filesystem import is_exe, working_dir
 
 import spack.config
+import spack.error
 import spack.fetch_strategy as fs
 import spack.repo
 import spack.util.crypto as crypto
@@ -349,7 +350,7 @@ def test_missing_curl(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
 
 
 def test_url_fetch_text_without_url(tmpdir):
-    with pytest.raises(web_util.FetchError, match="URL is required"):
+    with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match="URL is required"):
         web_util.fetch_url_text(None)
 
 
@@ -366,18 +367,18 @@ def test_url_fetch_text_curl_failures(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.util.web, "which", _which)
 
     with spack.config.override("config:url_fetch_method", "curl"):
-        with pytest.raises(web_util.FetchError, match="Missing required curl"):
+        with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match="Missing required curl"):
             web_util.fetch_url_text("https://github.com/")
 
 
 def test_url_check_curl_errors():
     """Check that standard curl error returncodes raise expected errors."""
     # Check returncode 22 (i.e., 404)
-    with pytest.raises(web_util.FetchError, match="not found"):
+    with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match="not found"):
         web_util.check_curl_code(22)
 
     # Check returncode 60 (certificate error)
-    with pytest.raises(web_util.FetchError, match="invalid certificate"):
+    with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match="invalid certificate"):
         web_util.check_curl_code(60)
 
 
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ def test_url_missing_curl(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.util.web, "which", _which)
 
     with spack.config.override("config:url_fetch_method", "curl"):
-        with pytest.raises(web_util.FetchError, match="Missing required curl"):
+        with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match="Missing required curl"):
             web_util.url_exists("https://github.com/")
 
 
@@ -409,7 +410,7 @@ def test_url_fetch_text_urllib_bad_returncode(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.util.web, "read_from_url", _read_from_url)
 
     with spack.config.override("config:url_fetch_method", "urllib"):
-        with pytest.raises(web_util.FetchError, match="failed with error code"):
+        with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match="failed with error code"):
             web_util.fetch_url_text("https://github.com/")
 
 
@@ -420,5 +421,5 @@ def test_url_fetch_text_urllib_web_error(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.util.web, "read_from_url", _raise_web_error)
 
     with spack.config.override("config:url_fetch_method", "urllib"):
-        with pytest.raises(web_util.FetchError, match="fetch failed to verify"):
+        with pytest.raises(spack.error.FetchError, match="fetch failed to verify"):
             web_util.fetch_url_text("https://github.com/")
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/web.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/web.py
index a012e7524e..ed4f693c5a 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/web.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/web.py
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def test_spider(depth, expected_found, expected_not_found, expected_text):
 def test_spider_no_response(monkeypatch):
     # Mock the absence of a response
     monkeypatch.setattr(spack.util.web, "read_from_url", lambda x, y: (None, None, None))
-    pages, links = spack.util.web.spider(root, depth=0)
+    pages, links, _, _ = spack.util.web._spider(root, collect_nested=False, _visited=set())
     assert not pages and not links
 
 
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/util/web.py b/lib/spack/spack/util/web.py
index 79ad39ebd7..eca7bd72a2 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/util/web.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/util/web.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 
 import codecs
+import concurrent.futures
 import email.message
 import errno
-import multiprocessing.pool
 import os
 import os.path
 import re
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import traceback
 import urllib.parse
 from html.parser import HTMLParser
 from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
-from typing import IO, Optional
+from typing import IO, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union
 from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError
 from urllib.request import HTTPSHandler, Request, build_opener
 
@@ -257,11 +257,11 @@ def check_curl_code(returncode):
     if returncode != 0:
         if returncode == 22:
             # This is a 404. Curl will print the error.
-            raise FetchError("URL was not found!")
+            raise spack.error.FetchError("URL was not found!")
 
         if returncode == 60:
             # This is a certificate error.  Suggest spack -k
-            raise FetchError(
+            raise spack.error.FetchError(
                 "Curl was unable to fetch due to invalid certificate. "
                 "This is either an attack, or your cluster's SSL "
                 "configuration is bad.  If you believe your SSL "
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ def check_curl_code(returncode):
                 "Use this at your own risk."
             )
 
-        raise FetchError("Curl failed with error {0}".format(returncode))
+        raise spack.error.FetchError("Curl failed with error {0}".format(returncode))
 
 
 def _curl(curl=None):
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ def _curl(curl=None):
             curl = which("curl", required=True)
         except CommandNotFoundError as exc:
             tty.error(str(exc))
-            raise FetchError("Missing required curl fetch method")
+            raise spack.error.FetchError("Missing required curl fetch method")
     return curl
 
 
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ def fetch_url_text(url, curl=None, dest_dir="."):
     Raises FetchError if the curl returncode indicates failure
     """
     if not url:
-        raise FetchError("A URL is required to fetch its text")
+        raise spack.error.FetchError("A URL is required to fetch its text")
 
     tty.debug("Fetching text at {0}".format(url))
 
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ def fetch_url_text(url, curl=None, dest_dir="."):
     if fetch_method == "curl":
         curl_exe = _curl(curl)
         if not curl_exe:
-            raise FetchError("Missing required fetch method (curl)")
+            raise spack.error.FetchError("Missing required fetch method (curl)")
 
         curl_args = ["-O"]
         curl_args.extend(base_curl_fetch_args(url))
@@ -337,7 +337,9 @@ def fetch_url_text(url, curl=None, dest_dir="."):
 
             returncode = response.getcode()
             if returncode and returncode != 200:
-                raise FetchError("Urllib failed with error code {0}".format(returncode))
+                raise spack.error.FetchError(
+                    "Urllib failed with error code {0}".format(returncode)
+                )
 
             output = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response).read()
             if output:
@@ -348,7 +350,7 @@ def fetch_url_text(url, curl=None, dest_dir="."):
                 return path
 
         except SpackWebError as err:
-            raise FetchError("Urllib fetch failed to verify url: {0}".format(str(err)))
+            raise spack.error.FetchError("Urllib fetch failed to verify url: {0}".format(str(err)))
 
     return None
 
@@ -543,168 +545,158 @@ def list_url(url, recursive=False):
         return gcs.get_all_blobs(recursive=recursive)
 
 
-def spider(root_urls, depth=0, concurrency=32):
+def spider(root_urls: Union[str, List[str]], depth: int = 0, concurrency: Optional[int] = None):
     """Get web pages from root URLs.
 
-    If depth is specified (e.g., depth=2), then this will also follow
-    up to <depth> levels of links from each root.
+    If depth is specified (e.g., depth=2), then this will also follow up to <depth> levels
+    of links from each root.
 
     Args:
-        root_urls (str or list): root urls used as a starting point
-            for spidering
-        depth (int): level of recursion into links
-        concurrency (int): number of simultaneous requests that can be sent
+        root_urls: root urls used as a starting point for spidering
+        depth: level of recursion into links
+        concurrency: number of simultaneous requests that can be sent
 
     Returns:
-        A dict of pages visited (URL) mapped to their full text and the
-        set of visited links.
+        A dict of pages visited (URL) mapped to their full text and the set of visited links.
     """
-    # Cache of visited links, meant to be captured by the closure below
-    _visited = set()
-
-    def _spider(url, collect_nested):
-        """Fetches URL and any pages it links to.
-
-        Prints out a warning only if the root can't be fetched; it ignores
-        errors with pages that the root links to.
-
-        Args:
-            url (str): url being fetched and searched for links
-            collect_nested (bool): whether we want to collect arguments
-                for nested spidering on the links found in this url
-
-        Returns:
-            A tuple of:
-            - pages: dict of pages visited (URL) mapped to their full text.
-            - links: set of links encountered while visiting the pages.
-            - spider_args: argument for subsequent call to spider
-        """
-        pages = {}  # dict from page URL -> text content.
-        links = set()  # set of all links seen on visited pages.
-        subcalls = []
+    if isinstance(root_urls, str):
+        root_urls = [root_urls]
 
-        try:
-            response_url, _, response = read_from_url(url, "text/html")
-            if not response_url or not response:
-                return pages, links, subcalls
-
-            page = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response).read()
-            pages[response_url] = page
-
-            # Parse out the include-fragments in the page
-            # https://github.github.io/include-fragment-element
-            include_fragment_parser = IncludeFragmentParser()
-            include_fragment_parser.feed(page)
-
-            fragments = set()
-            while include_fragment_parser.links:
-                raw_link = include_fragment_parser.links.pop()
-                abs_link = url_util.join(response_url, raw_link.strip(), resolve_href=True)
-
-                try:
-                    # This seems to be text/html, though text/fragment+html is also used
-                    fragment_response_url, _, fragment_response = read_from_url(
-                        abs_link, "text/html"
-                    )
-                except Exception as e:
-                    msg = f"Error reading fragment: {(type(e), str(e))}:{traceback.format_exc()}"
-                    tty.debug(msg)
-
-                if not fragment_response_url or not fragment_response:
-                    continue
+    current_depth = 0
+    pages, links, spider_args = {}, set(), []
 
-                fragment = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(fragment_response).read()
-                fragments.add(fragment)
+    _visited: Set[str] = set()
+    go_deeper = current_depth < depth
+    for root_str in root_urls:
+        root = urllib.parse.urlparse(root_str)
+        spider_args.append((root, go_deeper, _visited))
 
-                pages[fragment_response_url] = fragment
+    with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=concurrency) as tp:
+        while current_depth <= depth:
+            tty.debug(
+                f"SPIDER: [depth={current_depth}, max_depth={depth}, urls={len(spider_args)}]"
+            )
+            results = [tp.submit(_spider, *one_search_args) for one_search_args in spider_args]
+            spider_args = []
+            go_deeper = current_depth < depth
+            for future in results:
+                sub_pages, sub_links, sub_spider_args, sub_visited = future.result()
+                _visited.update(sub_visited)
+                sub_spider_args = [(x, go_deeper, _visited) for x in sub_spider_args]
+                pages.update(sub_pages)
+                links.update(sub_links)
+                spider_args.extend(sub_spider_args)
 
-            # Parse out the links in the page and all fragments
-            link_parser = LinkParser()
-            link_parser.feed(page)
-            for fragment in fragments:
-                link_parser.feed(fragment)
+            current_depth += 1
 
-            while link_parser.links:
-                raw_link = link_parser.links.pop()
-                abs_link = url_util.join(response_url, raw_link.strip(), resolve_href=True)
-                links.add(abs_link)
+    return pages, links
 
-                # Skip stuff that looks like an archive
-                if any(raw_link.endswith(s) for s in llnl.url.ALLOWED_ARCHIVE_TYPES):
-                    continue
 
-                # Skip already-visited links
-                if abs_link in _visited:
-                    continue
+def _spider(url: urllib.parse.ParseResult, collect_nested: bool, _visited: Set[str]):
+    """Fetches URL and any pages it links to.
 
-                # If we're not at max depth, follow links.
-                if collect_nested:
-                    subcalls.append((abs_link,))
-                    _visited.add(abs_link)
+    Prints out a warning only if the root can't be fetched; it ignores errors with pages
+    that the root links to.
 
-        except URLError as e:
-            tty.debug(str(e))
+    Args:
+        url: url being fetched and searched for links
+        collect_nested: whether we want to collect arguments for nested spidering on the
+            links found in this url
+        _visited: links already visited
 
-            if hasattr(e, "reason") and isinstance(e.reason, ssl.SSLError):
-                tty.warn(
-                    "Spack was unable to fetch url list due to a "
-                    "certificate verification problem. You can try "
-                    "running spack -k, which will not check SSL "
-                    "certificates. Use this at your own risk."
-                )
+    Returns:
+        A tuple of:
+        - pages: dict of pages visited (URL) mapped to their full text.
+        - links: set of links encountered while visiting the pages.
+        - spider_args: argument for subsequent call to spider
+        - visited: updated set of visited urls
+    """
+    pages: Dict[str, str] = {}  # dict from page URL -> text content.
+    links: Set[str] = set()  # set of all links seen on visited pages.
+    subcalls: List[str] = []
 
-        except HTMLParseError as e:
-            # This error indicates that Python's HTML parser sucks.
-            msg = "Got an error parsing HTML."
-            tty.warn(msg, url, "HTMLParseError: " + str(e))
+    try:
+        response_url, _, response = read_from_url(url, "text/html")
+        if not response_url or not response:
+            return pages, links, subcalls, _visited
 
-        except Exception as e:
-            # Other types of errors are completely ignored,
-            # except in debug mode
-            tty.debug("Error in _spider: %s:%s" % (type(e), str(e)), traceback.format_exc())
+        page = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(response).read()
+        pages[response_url] = page
 
-        finally:
-            tty.debug("SPIDER: [url={0}]".format(url))
+        # Parse out the include-fragments in the page
+        # https://github.github.io/include-fragment-element
+        include_fragment_parser = IncludeFragmentParser()
+        include_fragment_parser.feed(page)
 
-        return pages, links, subcalls
+        fragments = set()
+        while include_fragment_parser.links:
+            raw_link = include_fragment_parser.links.pop()
+            abs_link = url_util.join(response_url, raw_link.strip(), resolve_href=True)
 
-    if isinstance(root_urls, str):
-        root_urls = [root_urls]
+            try:
+                # This seems to be text/html, though text/fragment+html is also used
+                fragment_response_url, _, fragment_response = read_from_url(abs_link, "text/html")
+            except Exception as e:
+                msg = f"Error reading fragment: {(type(e), str(e))}:{traceback.format_exc()}"
+                tty.debug(msg)
 
-    # Clear the local cache of visited pages before starting the search
-    _visited.clear()
+            if not fragment_response_url or not fragment_response:
+                continue
 
-    current_depth = 0
-    pages, links, spider_args = {}, set(), []
+            fragment = codecs.getreader("utf-8")(fragment_response).read()
+            fragments.add(fragment)
 
-    collect = current_depth < depth
-    for root in root_urls:
-        root = urllib.parse.urlparse(root)
-        spider_args.append((root, collect))
+            pages[fragment_response_url] = fragment
 
-    tp = multiprocessing.pool.ThreadPool(processes=concurrency)
-    try:
-        while current_depth <= depth:
-            tty.debug(
-                "SPIDER: [depth={0}, max_depth={1}, urls={2}]".format(
-                    current_depth, depth, len(spider_args)
-                )
+        # Parse out the links in the page and all fragments
+        link_parser = LinkParser()
+        link_parser.feed(page)
+        for fragment in fragments:
+            link_parser.feed(fragment)
+
+        while link_parser.links:
+            raw_link = link_parser.links.pop()
+            abs_link = url_util.join(response_url, raw_link.strip(), resolve_href=True)
+            links.add(abs_link)
+
+            # Skip stuff that looks like an archive
+            if any(raw_link.endswith(s) for s in llnl.url.ALLOWED_ARCHIVE_TYPES):
+                continue
+
+            # Skip already-visited links
+            if abs_link in _visited:
+                continue
+
+            # If we're not at max depth, follow links.
+            if collect_nested:
+                subcalls.append(abs_link)
+                _visited.add(abs_link)
+
+    except URLError as e:
+        tty.debug(f"[SPIDER] Unable to read: {url}")
+        tty.debug(str(e), level=2)
+        if hasattr(e, "reason") and isinstance(e.reason, ssl.SSLError):
+            tty.warn(
+                "Spack was unable to fetch url list due to a "
+                "certificate verification problem. You can try "
+                "running spack -k, which will not check SSL "
+                "certificates. Use this at your own risk."
             )
-            results = tp.map(lang.star(_spider), spider_args)
-            spider_args = []
-            collect = current_depth < depth
-            for sub_pages, sub_links, sub_spider_args in results:
-                sub_spider_args = [x + (collect,) for x in sub_spider_args]
-                pages.update(sub_pages)
-                links.update(sub_links)
-                spider_args.extend(sub_spider_args)
 
-            current_depth += 1
+    except HTMLParseError as e:
+        # This error indicates that Python's HTML parser sucks.
+        msg = "Got an error parsing HTML."
+        tty.warn(msg, url, "HTMLParseError: " + str(e))
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        # Other types of errors are completely ignored,
+        # except in debug mode
+        tty.debug(f"Error in _spider: {type(e)}:{str(e)}", traceback.format_exc())
+
     finally:
-        tp.terminate()
-        tp.join()
+        tty.debug(f"SPIDER: [url={url}]")
 
-    return pages, links
+    return pages, links, subcalls, _visited
 
 
 def get_header(headers, header_name):
@@ -767,10 +759,6 @@ def parse_etag(header_value):
     return valid.group(1) if valid else None
 
 
-class FetchError(spack.error.SpackError):
-    """Superclass for fetch-related errors."""
-
-
 class SpackWebError(spack.error.SpackError):
     """Superclass for Spack web spidering errors."""
 
diff --git a/share/spack/spack-completion.bash b/share/spack/spack-completion.bash
index 3fb313d8de..1983b960d5 100755
--- a/share/spack/spack-completion.bash
+++ b/share/spack/spack-completion.bash
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ _spack_change() {
 _spack_checksum() {
     if $list_options
     then
-        SPACK_COMPREPLY="-h --help --keep-stage -b --batch -l --latest -p --preferred -a --add-to-package --verify"
+        SPACK_COMPREPLY="-h --help --keep-stage -b --batch -l --latest -p --preferred -a --add-to-package --verify -j --jobs"
     else
         _all_packages
     fi
@@ -1972,7 +1972,7 @@ _spack_verify() {
 _spack_versions() {
     if $list_options
     then
-        SPACK_COMPREPLY="-h --help -s --safe --safe-only -r --remote -n --new -c --concurrency"
+        SPACK_COMPREPLY="-h --help -s --safe --safe-only -r --remote -n --new -j --jobs"
     else
         _all_packages
     fi
diff --git a/share/spack/spack-completion.fish b/share/spack/spack-completion.fish
index 9be1087b23..c5da416817 100755
--- a/share/spack/spack-completion.fish
+++ b/share/spack/spack-completion.fish
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command change' -s a -l all -f -a all
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command change' -s a -l all -d 'change all matching specs (allow changing more than one spec)'
 
 # spack checksum
-set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_checksum h/help keep-stage b/batch l/latest p/preferred a/add-to-package verify
+set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_checksum h/help keep-stage b/batch l/latest p/preferred a/add-to-package verify j/jobs=
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos 0 checksum' -f -a '(__fish_spack_packages)'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos_remainder 1 checksum' -f -a '(__fish_spack_package_versions $__fish_spack_argparse_argv[1])'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command checksum' -s h -l help -f -a help
@@ -907,6 +907,8 @@ complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command checksum' -s a -l add-to-packag
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command checksum' -s a -l add-to-package -d 'add new versions to package'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command checksum' -l verify -f -a verify
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command checksum' -l verify -d 'verify known package checksums'
+complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command checksum' -s j -l jobs -r -f -a jobs
+complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command checksum' -s j -l jobs -r -d 'explicitly set number of parallel jobs'
 
 # spack ci
 set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_ci h/help
@@ -2931,7 +2933,7 @@ complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command verify' -s f -l files -f -a typ
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command verify' -s f -l files -d 'treat entries as absolute filenames'
 
 # spack versions
-set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_versions h/help s/safe safe-only r/remote n/new c/concurrency=
+set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_versions h/help s/safe safe-only r/remote n/new j/jobs=
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos 0 versions' -f -a '(__fish_spack_packages)'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s h -l help -f -a help
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s h -l help -d 'show this help message and exit'
@@ -2943,8 +2945,8 @@ complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s r -l remote -f -a
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s r -l remote -d 'only list remote versions of the package'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s n -l new -f -a new
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s n -l new -d 'only list remote versions newer than the latest checksummed version'
-complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s c -l concurrency -r -f -a concurrency
-complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s c -l concurrency -r -d 'number of concurrent requests'
+complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s j -l jobs -r -f -a jobs
+complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command versions' -s j -l jobs -r -d 'explicitly set number of parallel jobs'
 
 # spack view
 set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_view h/help v/verbose e/exclude= d/dependencies=