mirror bug fixes: symlinks, duplicate patch names, and exception handling (#13789)

* Some packages (e.g. mpfr at the time of this patch) can have patches
  with the same name but different contents (which apply to different
  versions of the package). This appends part of the patch hash to the
  cache file name to avoid conflicts.
* Some exceptions which occur during fetching are not a subclass of
  SpackError and therefore do not have a 'message' attribute. This
  updates the logic for mirroring a single spec (add_single_spec)
  to produce an appropriate error message in that case (where before
  it failed with an AttributeError)
* In various circumstances, a mirror can contain the universal storage
  path but not a cosmetic symlink; in this case it would not generate
  a symlink. Now "spack mirror create" will create a symlink for any
  package that doesn't have one.

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