spack test (#15702)

Users can add test() methods to their packages to run smoke tests on
installations with the new `spack test` command (the old `spack test` is
now `spack unit-test`). spack test is environment-aware, so you can
`spack install` an environment and then run `spack test run` to run smoke
tests on all of its packages. Historical test logs can be perused with
`spack test results`. Generic smoke tests for MPI implementations, C,
C++, and Fortran compilers as well as specific smoke tests for 18
packages.

Inside the test method, individual tests can be run separately (and
continue to run best-effort after a test failure) using the `run_test`
method. The `run_test` method encapsulates finding test executables,
running and checking return codes, checking output, and error handling.

This handles the following trickier aspects of testing with direct
support in Spack's package API:

- [x] Caching source or intermediate build files at build time for
      use at test time.
- [x] Test dependencies,
- [x] packages that require a compiler for testing (such as library only
      packages).

See the packaging guide for more details on using Spack testing support.
Included is support for package.py files for virtual packages. This does
not change the Spack interface, but is a major change in internals.

Co-authored-by: Tamara Dahlgren <dahlgren1@llnl.gov>
Co-authored-by: wspear <wjspear@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Adam J. Stewart <ajstewart426@gmail.com>

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