`spack develop`: stage build artifacts in same root as non-dev builds (#41373)

Currently (outside of this PR) when you `spack develop` a path, this path is treated as the staging
directory (this means that for example all build artifacts are placed in the develop path).

This PR creates a separate staging directory for all `spack develop`ed builds. It looks like

```
# the stage root
/the-stage-root-for-all-spack-builds/
    spack-stage-<hash>
        # Spack packages inheriting CMakePackage put their build artifacts here
        spack-build-<hash>/
```

Unlike non-develop builds, there is no `spack-src` directory, `source_path` is the provided `dev_path`.
Instead, separately, in the `dev_path`, we have:

```
/dev/path/for/foo/
    build-{arch}-<hash> -> /the-stage-root-for-all-spack-builds/spack-stage-<hash>/
```

The main benefit of this is that build artifacts for out-of-source builds that are relative to
`Stage.path` are easily identified (and you can delete them with `spack clean`).

Other behavior added here:

- [x] A symlink is made from the `dev_path` to the stage directory. This symlink name incorporates
    spec details, so that multiple Spack environments that develop the same path will not conflict
    with one another

- [x] `spack cd` and `spack location` have added a `-c` shorthand for `--source-dir`

Spack builds can still change the develop path (in particular to keep track of applied patches), 
and for in-source builds, this doesn't change much (although logs would not be written into 
the develop path). Packages inheriting from `CMakePackage` should get this benefit
automatically though.

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