R versions (#29258)

* lower priority of package-provided urls

This change favors urls found in a scraped page over those provided by
the package from `url_for_version`.  In most cases this doesn't matter,
but R specifically returns known bad URLs in some cases, and the
fallback path for a failed fetch uses `fetch_remote_versions` to find a
substitute.  This fixes that problem.

fixes #29204

* consider what links actually exist in all cases

Checksum was only actually scraping when called with no versions.  It
now always scrapes and then selects URLs from the set of URLs known to
exist whenever possible.

fixes #25831

* bow to the wrath of flake8

* test-fetch urls from package, prefer if successful

* Update lib/spack/spack/package.py

Co-authored-by: Seth R. Johnson <johnsonsr@ornl.gov>

* reword as suggested

* re-enable mypy specific ignore and ignore pyflakes

* remove flake8 ignore from .flake8

* address review comments

* address comments

* add sneaky missing substitute

I missed this one because we call substitute on a URL that doesn't
contain a version component.  I'm not sure how that's supposed to work,
but apparently it's required by at least one mock package, so back in it
goes.

Co-authored-by: Seth R. Johnson <johnsonsr@ornl.gov>

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