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When running many concurrent spack install processes that need to write
to the db, Spack regularly times out. This is because writing to the DB
after another process has written to it requires deserialization of the
db, mutating it in memory, and serializing it again, which takes some
time. On top of that, I believe there's a 1 second retry when a write
lock cannot be obtained, so I think this means only 3 processes can
really write to the DB at the same time before timing out.
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Add one more note on the $env variable in `config.yaml`.
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* Update packages config to indicate that MSVC is the preferred compiler
* Update packages config to indicate that msmpi is the preferred MPI provider
* Fix msmpi external detection
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* warn about removal of deprecated format strings
Co-authored-by: becker33 <becker33@users.noreply.github.com>
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Using `-Werror` is good practice for development and testing, but causes us a great
deal of heartburn supporting multiple compiler versions, especially as newer compiler
versions add warnings for released packages. This PR adds support for suppressing
`-Werror` through spack's compiler wrappers. There are currently three modes for
the `flags:keep_werror` setting:
* `none`: (default) cancel all `-Werror`, `-Werror=*` and `-Werror-*` flags by
converting them to `-Wno-error[=]*` flags
* `specific`: preserve explicitly selected warnings as errors, such as
`-Werror=format-truncation`, but reverse the blanket `-Werror`
* `all`: keeps all `-Werror` flags
These can be set globally in config.yaml, through the config command-line flags, or
overridden by a particular package (some packages use Werror as a proxy for determining
support for other compiler features). We chose to use this approach because:
1. removing `-Werror` flags entirely broke *many* build systems, especially autoconf
based ones, because of things like checking `-Werror=feature` and making the
assumption that if that did not error other flags related to that feature would also work
2. Attempting to preserve `-Werror` in some phases but not others caused similar issues
3. The per-package setting came about because some packages, even with all these
protections, still use `-Werror` unsafely. Currently there are roughly 3 such packages
known.
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This reverts commit 7f9af8d4a0bfbb1577e5ac9982624d8d0cb9b9ca.
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Co-authored-by: becker33 <becker33@users.noreply.github.com>
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`spack env create` enables a view by default (in a weird hidden
directory, but well...). This is asking for trouble with the other
default of `concretizer:unify:false`, since having different flavors of
the same spec in an environment, leads to collision errors when
generating the view.
A change of defaults would improve user experience:
However, `unify:true` makes most sense, since any time the issue is
brought up in Slack, the user changes the concretization config, since
it wasn't the intention to have different flavors of the same spec, and
install times are decreased.
Further we improve the docs and drop the duplicate root spec limitation
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Adds another post install hook that loops over the install prefix, looking for shared libraries type of ELF files, and sets the soname to their own absolute paths.
The idea being, whenever somebody links against those libraries, the linker copies the soname (which is the absolute path to the library) as a "needed" library, so that at runtime the dynamic loader realizes the needed library is a path which should be loaded directly without searching.
As a result:
1. rpaths are not used for the fixed/static list of needed libraries in the dynamic section (only for _actually_ dynamically loaded libraries through `dlopen`), which largely solves the issue that Spack's rpaths are a heuristic (`<prefix>/lib` and `<prefix>/lib64` might not be where libraries really are...)
2. improved startup times (no library search required)
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Changes to improve locating shared libraries on Windows, which in
turn enables the use of Clingo. This PR attempts to establish a
proper distinction between linking on Windows vs. Linux/Mac: on
Windows, linking is always done with .lib files (never .dll files).
This somewhat complicates the model since the Spec.lib method could
return libraries that were used for both linking and loading, but
since these are not always the same on Windows, it was decided to
treat Spec.libs as being for link-time libraries. Additional functions
are added to help dependents locate run-time libraries.
* Clingo is now the default concretizer on Windows
* Clingo is now the concretizer used for unit tests on Windows
* Fix a permissions issue that can occur while moving Git files during
fetching/staging
* Packages can now implement "win_add_library_dependent" to register
files/directories that include libraries that would need to link
to dependency dlls
* Packages can now implement "win_add_rpath" to register the locations
of dlls that dependents would want to load
* "Spec.libs" on Windows is updated to return link-time libraries
(i.e. .lib files, rather than .dll files)
* PackageBase.rpath on Windows is now updated to return the most-likely
locations where .dlls will be found (which is generally in the bin/
directory)
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"spack install" will not update the binary index if given a concrete
spec, which causes it to fall back to direct fetches when a simple
index update would have helped. For S3 buckets in particular, this
significantly and needlessly slows down the install process.
This commit alters the logic so that the binary index is updated
whenever a by-hash lookup fails. The lookup is attempted again with
the updated index before falling back to direct fetches. To avoid
updating too frequently (potentially once for each spec being
installed), BinaryCacheIndex.update now includes a "cooldown"
option, and when this option is enabled it will not update more
than once in a cooldown window (set in config.yaml).
Co-authored-by: Tamara Dahlgren <35777542+tldahlgren@users.noreply.github.com>
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For ARM64, fallback to gccgo. (go-bootstrap@1.4 can't support ARM64)
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This release allow to bootstrap patchelf from binaries.
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`LD_LIBRARY_PATH` can break system executables (e.g., when an enviornment is loaded) and isn't necessary thanks to `RPATH`s. Packages that require `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` can set this in `setup_run_environment`.
- [x] Prefix inspections no longer set `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` by default
- [x] Document changes and workarounds for people who want `LD_LIBRARY_PATH`
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* OpenGL: Restructures the OpenGL packages
This provides concrete glx and osmesa packages which delegate to
virtual libglx and libosmesa packages provided by mesa. This was
necessary because GLX and OSMesa both provide gl implementations but
with mesa providing the girtual gl package there was no way to properly
distinguish which of the two opengl implementations was beiing requested
when querying the spec['gl'] dependency. This additional level of
indirection allows for that.
* OpenGL: Adjust downstream dependents of OpenGL for the restructure
This implements the necessary fixes in the packages that depend on
OpenGL to work with the restructuring. This also attempts to create a
consistent variant for specifying glx or osmesa.
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This PR builds on #28392 by adding a convenience command to create a local mirror that can be used to bootstrap Spack. This is to overcome the inconvenience in setting up this mirror manually, which has been reported when trying to setup Spack on air-gapped systems.
Using this PR the user can create a bootstrapping mirror, on a machine with internet access, by:
% spack bootstrap mirror --binary-packages /opt/bootstrap
==> Adding "clingo-bootstrap@spack+python %apple-clang target=x86_64" and dependencies to the mirror at /opt/bootstrap/local-mirror
==> Adding "gnupg@2.3: %apple-clang target=x86_64" and dependencies to the mirror at /opt/bootstrap/local-mirror
==> Adding "patchelf@0.13.1:0.13.99 %apple-clang target=x86_64" and dependencies to the mirror at /opt/bootstrap/local-mirror
==> Adding binary packages from "https://github.com/alalazo/spack-bootstrap-mirrors/releases/download/v0.1-rc.2/bootstrap-buildcache.tar.gz" to the mirror at /opt/bootstrap/local-mirror
To register the mirror on the platform where it's supposed to be used run the following command(s):
% spack bootstrap add --trust local-sources /opt/bootstrap/metadata/sources
% spack bootstrap add --trust local-binaries /opt/bootstrap/metadata/binaries
The mirror has to be moved over to the air-gapped system, and registered using the commands shown at prompt. The command has options to:
1. Add pre-built binaries downloaded from Github (default is not to add them)
2. Add development dependencies for Spack (currently the Python packages needed to use spack style)
* bootstrap: refactor bootstrap.yaml to move sources metadata out
* bootstrap: allow adding/removing custom bootstrapping sources
This operation can be performed from the command line since
new subcommands have been added to `spack bootstrap`
* Add --trust argument to spack bootstrap add
* Add a command to generate a local mirror for bootstrapping
* Add a unit test for mirror creation
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* Introduce concretizer:unify option to replace spack:concretization
* Deprecate concretization
* Make spack:concretization overrule concretize:unify for now
* Add environment update logic to move from spack:concretization to spack:concretizer:reuse
* Migrate spack:concretization to spack:concretize:unify in all locations
* For new environments make concretizer:unify explicit, so that defaults can be changed in 0.19
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* Change license dir from hard-coded to a configurable item
* Change config item to be a string not an array
Co-authored-by: Todd Gamblin <tgamblin@llnl.gov>
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* Enable reuse by default in Spack
* Update documentation to match new default
* Configure pipelines not to reuse software
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Reworking lua to allow easier substitution of the base lua implementation.
Also adding in a maintained version of luajit and re-factoring the entire stack
to use a custom build-system to centralize functionality like environment
variable management and luarocks installation.
The `lua-lang` virtual is now versioned so that a package that requires
Lua 5.1 semantics can get any lua, but one that requires 5.2 will only
get upstream lua.
The luaposix package requires lua-bit32, but only when built with a
lua conforming to version 5.1. This adds the package, and the
dependencies, but exposed a problem with luarocks dependency
detection. Since we're installing each package in its own "tree" and
there's no environment variable to list extra trees, spack now
generates a luarocks config file that lists all the trees of all the
dependencies, and references it by setting `LUAROCKS_CONFIG`
in the build environment of every LuaPackage. This allows luarocks
to find the spack installed dependencies correctly rather than
trying (and failing) to download them.
Co-authored-by: Adam J. Stewart <ajstewart426@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Tom Scogland <tscogland@llnl.gov>
Co-authored-by: Massimiliano Culpo <massimiliano.culpo@gmail.com>
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* ASP-based solver: allow configuring target selection
This commit adds a new "concretizer:targets" configuration
section, and two options under it.
- "concretizer:targets:granularity" allows switching from
considering only generic targets to consider all possible
microarchitectures.
- "concretizer:targets:host_compatible" instead controls
whether we can concretize for microarchitectures that
are incompatible with the current host.
* Add documentation
* Add unit-tests
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* Add support for Python 3.10
* Update unit-tests to use 3.10
* Update Getting started section of the docs
* Update bootstrap action
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* Ignore top-level module config; add auto-update
In Spack 0.17 we got module sets (modules:[name]:[prop]), and for
backwards compat modules:[prop] was short for modules:default:[prop].
But this makes it awkward to define default config for the "default"
module set.
Since 0.17 is branched off, we can now deprecate top-level module config
(that is, just ignore it with a warning).
This PR does that, and it implements `spack config update modules` to
make upgrading easy (we should have added that to 0.17 already...)
It also removes references to `dotkit` stuff which was already
deprecated in 0.13 and could have been removed in 0.14.
Prefix inspections are the only exception, since the top-level prefix inspections
used for `spack load` and `spack env activate`.
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* Incorporate new search location
* Add external user option
* proper doc string
* Explicit commands in getting started
* raise during chgrp on Win
recover installer changes
Notate admin privleges
Windows phase install hooks
Find external python and install ninja (#23496)
Allow external find python to find windows python and spack install ninja
Co-authored-by: Adam J. Stewart <ajstewart426@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Betsy McPhail <betsy.mcphail@kitware.com>
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MSVC's internal CMake and Ninja now detected by spack external find and added to packages.yaml
Saving progress on packaging zlib for Windows
Fixing the shared CMake flag
* Loading Intel's ifx Fortran compiler into MSVC; if there are multiple
versions of MSVC installed and detected, ifx will only be placed into
the first block written in compilers.yaml. The version number of ifx can
be detected using MSVC's version flag (instead of /QV) by using
ignore_version_errors. This commit also provides support for detection
of Intel compilers in their own compiler block by adding ifx.exe to the
fc/f77_name blocks inside intel.py
* Giving CMake a Fortran compiler argument
* Adding patch file for removing duplicated mangling header for versions 3.9.1 and older; static and shared now successfully building on Windows
* Have netlib-lapack depend on ninja@1.10
Co-authored-by: John R. Cary <cary@txcorp.com>
Co-authored-by: Jared Popelar <jpopelar@txcorp.com>
Making a default config.yaml for Windows
Small path length for build_stage
Provide more prerequisite details, mention default config.yaml
Killing an unnecessary setvars call
Replacing some lost changes, proofreading, updating windows-supported package list
Co-authored-by: John Parent <john.parent@kitware.com>
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The concretizer is going to grow to have many more configuration,
and we really need some structured config for that.
* We have the `config:concretizer` option that chooses the solver,
but extending that is awkward (we'd need to replace a string with
a `dict`) and the solver choice will be deprecated eventually.
* We have the `concretization` option in environments, but it's
not a top-level config section -- it's just for environments,
and it also only admits a string right now.
To avoid overlapping with either of these and to allow the most
extensibility in the future, this adds a new `concretizer` config
section that can be used in and outside of environments. There
is only one option right now: `reuse`. This can expand to include
other options later.
Likely, we will soon deprecate `config:concretizer` and warn when
the user doesn't use `clingo`, and we will eventually (sometime later)
move the `together` / `separately` options from `concretization` into
the top-level `concretizer` section.
This commit just adds the new section and schema. Fully wiring it
up is TBD.
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* Switch lmod module all autoload default from none to direct
* Fix the docs
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Add an abstraction around libllvm to allow libllvm
providers to be specified for all packages.
This is targeting allowing mesa to build against
llvm-amdgpu or intel-llvm or llvm or any other
custom llvm variant that arises for specific GPU
toolchains
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There were some loose ends left in ##26735 that cause errors when
using `SPACK_DISABLE_LOCAL_CONFIG`.
- [x] Fix hard-coded `~/.spack` references in `install_test.py` and `monitor.py`
Also, if `SPACK_DISABLE_LOCAL_CONFIG` is used, there is the issue that
`$user_config_path`, when used in configuration files, makes no sense,
because there is no user config scope.
Since we already have `$user_cache_path` in configuration files, and since there
really shouldn't be *any* data stored in a configuration scope (which is what
you'd configure in `config.yaml`/`bootstrap.yaml`/etc., this just removes
`$user_config_path`.
There will *always* be a `$user_cache_path`, as Spack needs to write files, but
we shouldn't rely on the existence of a particular configuration scope in the
Spack code, as scopes are configurable, both in number and location.
- [x] Remove `$user_config_path` substitution.
- [x] Fix reference to `$user_config_path` in `etc/spack/deaults/bootstrap.yaml`
to refer to `$user_cache_path`, which is where it was intended to be.
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Spack's `system` and `user` scopes provide ways for administrators and
users to set global defaults for all Spack instances, but for use cases
where one wants a clean Spack installation, these scopes can be undesirable.
For example, users may want to opt out of global system configuration, or
they may want to ignore their own home directory settings when running in
a continuous integration environment.
Spack also, by default, keeps various caches and user data in `~/.spack`,
but users may want to override these locations.
Spack provides three environment variables that allow you to override or
opt out of configuration locations:
* `SPACK_USER_CONFIG_PATH`: Override the path to use for the
`user` (`~/.spack`) scope.
* `SPACK_SYSTEM_CONFIG_PATH`: Override the path to use for the
`system` (`/etc/spack`) scope.
* `SPACK_DISABLE_LOCAL_CONFIG`: set this environment variable to completely
disable *both* the system and user configuration directories. Spack will
only consider its own defaults and `site` configuration locations.
And one that allows you to move the default cache location:
* `SPACK_USER_CACHE_PATH`: Override the default path to use for user data
(misc_cache, tests, reports, etc.)
With these settings, if you want to isolate Spack in a CI environment, you can do this:
export SPACK_DISABLE_LOCAL_CONFIG=true
export SPACK_USER_CACHE_PATH=/tmp/spack
This is a stop-gap approach until we have figured out how to deal with
the system and user config scopes more generally, as there are plans to
potentially / eventually get rid of them.
**User config**
Spack is a bit of a pain when you have:
- a shared $HOME folder across different systems.
- multiple Spack versions on the same system.
**System config**
- On shared systems with a versioned programming environment / toolkit,
system administrators want to provide config for each version (e.g.
21.09, 21.10) of the programming environment, and the user Spack
instance should be able to pick this up without a steep learning
curve.
- On shared systems the user should be able to opt out of the
hard-coded config scope in /etc/spack, since it may be incompatible
with their particular instance. Currently Spack can only opt out of all
config scopes through overrides with `"config:":`, `"packages:":`, but that
also drops the defaults config, which would have to be repeated, which
is undesirable, especially the lengthy packages.yaml.
An example use case is: having config in this folder:
```
/path/to/programming/environment/{version}/{compilers,packages}.yaml
```
and have `module load spack-system-config` set the variable
```
SPACK_SYSTEM_CONFIG_PATH=/path/to/programming/environment/{version}
```
where the user no longer has to worry about what `{version}` they are
on.
**Continuous integration**
Finally, there is the use case of continuous integration, which may
clone an arbitrary Spack version, which optimally should not pick up
system or user config from the previous run (like may happen in
classical bare metal non-containerized filesystem side effect ridden
jenkins pipelines). In fact this is very similar to how spack itself
tries to avoid picking up system dependencies during builds...
**But environments solve this?**
- You could do `include`s in environment files to get similar behavior
to the spack_system_config_path example, but environments require you
to:
1) require paths to individual config files, not directories.
2) fail if the listed config file does not exist
- They allow you to override config scopes, but this is generally too
rigurous, as it requires you to repeat the default config, in
particular packages.yaml, and just defies the point of layered config.
Co-authored-by: Tom Scogland <tscogland@llnl.gov>
Co-authored-by: Tim Fuller <tjfulle@sandia.gov>
Co-authored-by: Steve Leak <sleak@lbl.gov>
Co-authored-by: Todd Gamblin <tgamblin@llnl.gov>
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Installing packages with a lot of dependencies does not have an easy way
of judging the current progress (apart from running `spack spec -I pkg`
in another terminal). This change allows Spack to update the terminal's
title with status information, including its current progress as well as
information about the current and total number of packages.
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Modifications:
- [x] Change `defaults/config.yaml`
- [x] Add a fix for bootstrapping patchelf from sources if `compilers.yaml` is empty
- [x] Make `SPACK_TEST_SOLVER=clingo` the default for unit-tests
- [x] Fix package failures in the e4s pipeline
Caveats:
1. CentOS 6 still uses the original concretizer as it can't connect to the buildcache due to issues with `ssl` (bootstrapping from sources requires a C++14 capable compiler)
1. I had to update the image tag for GitlabCI in e699f14.
1. libtool v2.4.2 has been deprecated and other packages received some update
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* Bootstrap clingo from binaries
* Move information on clingo binaries to a JSON file
* Add support to bootstrap on Cray
Bootstrapping on Cray requires, at the moment, to
swap the platform when looking for binaries - due
to #22800.
* Add SHA256 verification for bootstrapped software
Use sha256 verification for binaries necessary to bootstrap
the concretizer and gpg for signature verification
* patchelf: use Spec._old_concretize() to bootstrap
As noted in #24450 we may happen to need the
concretizer when bootstrapping clingo. In that case
only the old concretizer is available.
* Add a schema for bootstrapping methods
Two fields have been added to bootstrap.yaml:
"sources" which lists the methods available for
bootstrapping software
"trusted" which records if a source is trusted or not
A subcommand has been added to "spack bootstrap" to list
the sources currently available.
* Methods used for bootstrapping are configurable from bootstrap:sources
The function that tries to ensure a given Python module
is importable now tries bootstrapping methods in the same
order as they are defined in `bootstrap.yaml`
* Permit to trust/untrust bootstrapping methods
* Add binary tests for MacOS, Ubuntu
* Add documentation
* Add a note on bash
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- Change config from the undocumented `use_curl: true/false` to `url_fetch_method: urllib/curl`.
- Documentation of `url_fetch_method` in `defaults/config.yaml`
- Default fetch option explicitly set to `urllib` for users who may not have curl on their system
To upgrade from `use_curl` to `url_fetch_method`, run `spack config update config`
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* pbs: new virtual package
Some of our clusters have an older installation of
libtorque and tm.h that are *not* from OpenPBS. Using the current
openpbs dependency for openmpi causes concretization errors due to
restrictions on older python and hwloc requirements that don't apply,
even with an external non-buildable installation.
The new 'torque' bundle package allows users to point to that external
installation without problems.
Detailed description of torque by Sergey Kosukhin <skosukhin@gmail.com>
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* Permit to enable/disable bootstrapping and customize store location
This PR adds configuration handles to allow enabling
and disabling bootstrapping, and to customize the store
location.
* Move bootstrap related configuration into its own YAML file
* Add a bootstrap command to manage configuration
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* Switch hdf5 package from autotools to cmake.
* Add variant for building with zlib, default to ON.
* Update for format requirements.
* Format change.
* Fix breakage from last merge from develop.
Switch szip to use libaec (unrestricted encryption).
Remove 'static' variant: static libs will only be installed when
~shared.
* Improve args based on suggestions from pull request.
* Update code URL to github.com
Add/modify 4 depends_on lines to fix running "spack graph --deptype=link hdf5".
* Remove trailing whitespace.
* Remove dependencies added solely to make "spack greph --type=link" work.
* Add new version HDF5 1.8.22.
* Remove unnecessary java_check.
* Fix whitespace for style checks.
* Reverted zlib version dependency to 1.1.2:.
zlib variant removed.
api version default renamed "default".
* Remove blank line.
* Whitespace corrections.
* iRemoved unnecessary 'debug' variant.
* Fix typo in version number in conflict for '+szip'.
* Set default for tools variant to True.
Remove patch functions dependent on 'libtool' file that cmake doesn't
produce.
* Remove line to set ONLY_SHARED_LIBS to true.
Add post_install code to install only one version of tools with shared
linkage and original tool names.
* Remove trailing white space and import of glob package not used.
* Leave BUILD_TESTING set to default which is ON.
* Remove post_install code to install only one version of tools because
some dependent packages running tests in e4s testing are using
h5diff-shared. Keep both tools versions for now.
* No longer need to import os.
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This adds a package for `irep`, a tool for reading `lua` input decks from
Fortran, C, and C++.
`irep` can be built with either `lua` or `luajit`. To address this, we also add
a virtual package for lua called `lua-lang`. `luajit` isn't, by default, a drop-in
replacement for `lua`, but we add a `+lualinks` variant to it that adds symlinks
that make it behave like `lua@5.1`. With this variant enabled, it provides the
`lua-lang` virtual. `lua` always provides `lua-lang`.
- [x] add `irep` package
- [x] add `+lualinks` variant to `lua-luajit`
- [x] create `lua-lang` virtual, provided by `lua` and `luajit+lualinks`
Co-authored-by: Kayla Richarda Butler <butler59@quartz1148.llnl.gov>
Co-authored-by: Todd Gamblin <tgamblin@llnl.gov>
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Currently, module configurations are inconsistent because modulefiles are generated with the configs for the active environment, but are shared among all environments (and spack outside any environment).
This PR fixes that by allowing Spack environments (or other spack config scopes) to define additional sets of modules to generate. Each set of modules can enable either lmod or tcl modules, and contains all of the previously available module configuration. The user defines the name of each module set -- the set configured in Spack by default is named "default", and is the one returned by module manipulation commands in the absence of user intervention.
As part of this change, the module roots configuration moved from the config section to inside each module configuration.
Additionally, it adds a feature that the modulefiles for an environment can be configured to be relative to an environment view rather than the underlying prefix. This will not be enabled by default, as it should only be enabled within an environment and for non-default views constructed with separate projections per-spec.
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Spack's source mirror was previously in a plain old S3 bucket. That will still
work, but we can do better. This switches to AWS's CloudFront CDN for hosting
the mirror.
CloudFront is 16x faster (or more) than the old bucket.
- [x] change mirror to https://mirror.spack.io
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This reverts commit cefbe48c89209dc3df654795644973b1885cdea4.
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Currently, module configurations are inconsistent because modulefiles are generated with the configs for the active environment, but are shared among all environments (and spack outside any environment).
This PR fixes that by allowing Spack environments (or other spack config scopes) to define additional sets of modules to generate. Each set of modules can enable either lmod or tcl modules, and contains all of the previously available module configuration. The user defines the name of each module set -- the set configured in Spack by default is named "default", and is the one returned by module manipulation commands in the absence of user intervention.
As part of this change, the module roots configuration moved from the `config` section to inside each module configuration.
Additionally, it adds a feature that the modulefiles for an environment can be configured to be relative to an environment view rather than the underlying prefix. This will not be enabled by default, as it should only be enabled within an environment and for non-default views constructed with separate projections per-spec.
TODO:
- [x] code changes to support multiple module sets
- [x] code changes to support modules relative to a view
- [x] Tests for multiple module configurations
- [x] Tests for modules relative to a view
- [x] Backwards compatibility for module roots from config section
- [x] Backwards compatibility for default module set without the name specified
- [x] Tests for backwards compatibility
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* Make -j flag less exceptional
The -j flag in spack behaves differently from make, ctest, ninja, etc,
because it caps the number of jobs to an arbitrary number 16.
Spack will behave like other tools if `spack install` uses a reasonable
default, and `spack install -j <num>` *overrides* that default.
This will be particularly useful for Spack usage outside of a traditional
HPC context and for HPC centers that encourage users to compile on
login nodes with many cores instead of on compute nodes, which has
become increasingly common as individual nodes have more cores.
This maintains the existing default value of min(num_cpus, 16). However,
as it is right now, Spack does a poor job at determining the number of
cpus on linux, since it doesn't take cgroups into account. This is
particularly problematic when using distributed builds with slurm. This PR
also introduces `spack.util.cpus.cpus_available()` to consolidate
knowledge on determining the number of available cores, and improves
core detection for linux. This should also improve core detection for Docker/
Kubernetes, which also use cgroups.
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