path: root/lib/spack/llnl/util/lang.py

# Copyright 2013-2023 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)

import collections.abc
import contextlib
import functools
import inspect
import itertools
import os
import re
import sys
import traceback
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from typing import Any, Callable, Iterable, List, Tuple

# Ignore emacs backups when listing modules
ignore_modules = [r"^\.#", "~$"]


def index_by(objects, *funcs):
    """Create a hierarchy of dictionaries by splitting the supplied
    set of objects on unique values of the supplied functions.

    Values are used as keys. For example, suppose you have four
    objects with attributes that look like this::

        a = Spec("boost %gcc target=skylake")
        b = Spec("mrnet %intel target=zen2")
        c = Spec("libelf %xlc target=skylake")
        d = Spec("libdwarf %intel target=zen2")

        list_of_specs = [a,b,c,d]
        index1 = index_by(list_of_specs, lambda s: str(s.target),
                          lambda s: s.compiler)
        index2 = index_by(list_of_specs, lambda s: s.compiler)

    ``index1`` now has two levels of dicts, with lists at the
    leaves, like this::

        { 'zen2'    : { 'gcc' : [a], 'xlc' : [c] },
          'skylake' : { 'intel' : [b, d] }
        }

    And ``index2`` is a single level dictionary of lists that looks
    like this::

        { 'gcc'    : [a],
          'intel'  : [b,d],
          'xlc'    : [c]
        }

    If any elements in funcs is a string, it is treated as the name
    of an attribute, and acts like getattr(object, name).  So
    shorthand for the above two indexes would be::

        index1 = index_by(list_of_specs, 'arch', 'compiler')
        index2 = index_by(list_of_specs, 'compiler')

    You can also index by tuples by passing tuples::

        index1 = index_by(list_of_specs, ('target', 'compiler'))

    Keys in the resulting dict will look like ('gcc', 'skylake').
    """
    if not funcs:
        return objects

    f = funcs[0]
    if isinstance(f, str):
        f = lambda x: getattr(x, funcs[0])
    elif isinstance(f, tuple):
        f = lambda x: tuple(getattr(x, p) for p in funcs[0])

    result = {}
    for o in objects:
        key = f(o)
        result.setdefault(key, []).append(o)

    for key, objects in result.items():
        result[key] = index_by(objects, *funcs[1:])

    return result


def caller_locals():
    """This will return the locals of the *parent* of the caller.
    This allows a function to insert variables into its caller's
    scope.  Yes, this is some black magic, and yes it's useful
    for implementing things like depends_on and provides.
    """
    # Passing zero here skips line context for speed.
    stack = inspect.stack(0)
    try:
        return stack[2][0].f_locals
    finally:
        del stack


def get_calling_module_name():
    """Make sure that the caller is a class definition, and return the
    enclosing module's name.
    """
    # Passing zero here skips line context for speed.
    stack = inspect.stack(0)
    try:
        # Make sure locals contain __module__
        caller_locals = stack[2][0].f_locals
    finally:
        del stack

    if "__module__" not in caller_locals:
        raise RuntimeError(
            "Must invoke get_calling_module_name() " "from inside a class definition!"
        )

    module_name = caller_locals["__module__"]
    base_name = module_name.split(".")[-1]
    return base_name


def attr_required(obj, attr_name):
    """Ensure that a class has a required attribute."""
    if not hasattr(obj, attr_name):
        raise RequiredAttributeError(
            "No required attribute '%s' in class '%s'" % (attr_name, obj.__class__.__name__)
        )


def attr_setdefault(obj, name, value):
    """Like dict.setdefault, but for objects."""
    if not hasattr(obj, name):
        setattr(obj, name, value)
    return getattr(obj, name)


def has_method(cls, name):
    for base in inspect.getmro(cls):
        if base is object:
            continue
        if name in base.__dict__:
            return True
    return False


def union_dicts(*dicts):
    """Use update() to combine all dicts into one.

    This builds a new dictionary, into which we ``update()`` each element
    of ``dicts`` in order.  Items from later dictionaries will override
    items from earlier dictionaries.

    Args:
        dicts (list): list of dictionaries

    Return: (dict): a merged dictionary containing combined keys and
        values from ``dicts``.

    """
    result = {}
    for d in dicts:
        result.update(d)
    return result


# Used as a sentinel that disambiguates tuples passed in *args from coincidentally
# matching tuples formed from kwargs item pairs.
_kwargs_separator = (object(),)


def stable_args(*args, **kwargs):
    """A key factory that performs a stable sort of the parameters."""
    key = args
    if kwargs:
        key += _kwargs_separator + tuple(sorted(kwargs.items()))
    return key


def memoized(func):
    """Decorator that caches the results of a function, storing them in
    an attribute of that function.
    """
    func.cache = {}

    @functools.wraps(func)
    def _memoized_function(*args, **kwargs):
        key = stable_args(*args, **kwargs)

        try:
            return func.cache[key]
        except KeyError:
            ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
            func.cache[key] = ret
            return ret
        except TypeError as e:
            # TypeError is raised when indexing into a dict if the key is unhashable.
            raise UnhashableArguments(
                "args + kwargs '{}' was not hashable for function '{}'".format(key, func.__name__)
            ) from e

    return _memoized_function


def list_modules(directory, **kwargs):
    """Lists all of the modules, excluding ``__init__.py``, in a
    particular directory.  Listed packages have no particular
    order."""
    list_directories = kwargs.setdefault("directories", True)

    for name in os.listdir(directory):
        if name == "__init__.py":
            continue

        path = os.path.join(directory, name)
        if list_directories and os.path.isdir(path):
            init_py = os.path.join(path, "__init__.py")
            if os.path.isfile(init_py):
                yield name

        elif name.endswith(".py"):
            if not any(re.search(pattern, name) for pattern in ignore_modules):
                yield re.sub(".py$", "", name)


def decorator_with_or_without_args(decorator):
    """Allows a decorator to be used with or without arguments, e.g.::

        # Calls the decorator function some args
        @decorator(with, arguments, and=kwargs)

    or::

        # Calls the decorator function with zero arguments
        @decorator

    """

    # See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/653368 for more on this
    @functools.wraps(decorator)
    def new_dec(*args, **kwargs):
        if len(args) == 1 and len(kwargs) == 0 and callable(args[0]):
            # actual decorated function
            return decorator(args[0])
        else:
            # decorator arguments
            return lambda realf: decorator(realf, *args, **kwargs)

    return new_dec


def key_ordering(cls):
    """Decorates a class with extra methods that implement rich comparison
    operations and ``__hash__``.  The decorator assumes that the class
    implements a function called ``_cmp_key()``.  The rich comparison
    operations will compare objects using this key, and the ``__hash__``
    function will return the hash of this key.

    If a class already has ``__eq__``, ``__ne__``, ``__lt__``, ``__le__``,
    ``__gt__``, or ``__ge__`` defined, this decorator will overwrite them.

    Raises:
        TypeError: If the class does not have a ``_cmp_key`` method
    """

    def setter(name, value):
        value.__name__ = name
        setattr(cls, name, value)

    if not has_method(cls, "_cmp_key"):
        raise TypeError("'%s' doesn't define _cmp_key()." % cls.__name__)

    setter("__eq__", lambda s, o: (s is o) or (o is not None and s._cmp_key() == o._cmp_key()))
    setter("__lt__", lambda s, o: o is not None and s._cmp_key() < o._cmp_key())
    setter("__le__", lambda s, o: o is not None and s._cmp_key() <= o._cmp_key())

    setter("__ne__", lambda s, o: (s is not o) and (o is None or s._cmp_key() != o._cmp_key()))
    setter("__gt__", lambda s, o: o is None or s._cmp_key() > o._cmp_key())
    setter("__ge__", lambda s, o: o is None or s._cmp_key() >= o._cmp_key())

    setter("__hash__", lambda self: hash(self._cmp_key()))

    return cls


#: sentinel for testing that iterators are done in lazy_lexicographic_ordering
done = object()


def tuplify(seq):
    """Helper for lazy_lexicographic_ordering()."""
    return tuple((tuplify(x) if callable(x) else x) for x in seq())


def lazy_eq(lseq, rseq):
    """Equality comparison for two lazily generated sequences.

    See ``lazy_lexicographic_ordering``.
    """
    liter = lseq()  # call generators
    riter = rseq()

    # zip_longest is implemented in native code, so use it for speed.
    # use zip_longest instead of zip because it allows us to tell
    # which iterator was longer.
    for left, right in itertools.zip_longest(liter, riter, fillvalue=done):
        if (left is done) or (right is done):
            return False

        # recursively enumerate any generators, otherwise compare
        equal = lazy_eq(left, right) if callable(left) else left == right
        if not equal:
            return False

    return True


def lazy_lt(lseq, rseq):
    """Less-than comparison for two lazily generated sequences.

    See ``lazy_lexicographic_ordering``.
    """
    liter = lseq()
    riter = rseq()

    for left, right in itertools.zip_longest(liter, riter, fillvalue=done):
        if (left is done) or (right is done):
            return left is done  # left was shorter than right

        sequence = callable(left)
        equal = lazy_eq(left, right) if sequence else left == right
        if equal:
            continue

        if sequence:
            return lazy_lt(left, right)
        if left is None:
            return True
        if right is None:
            return False

        return left < right

    return False  # if equal, return False


@decorator_with_or_without_args
def lazy_lexicographic_ordering(cls, set_hash=True):
    """Decorates a class with extra methods that implement rich comparison.

    This is a lazy version of the tuple comparison used frequently to
    implement comparison in Python. Given some objects with fields, you
    might use tuple keys to implement comparison, e.g.::

        class Widget:
            def _cmp_key(self):
                return (
                    self.a,
                    self.b,
                    (self.c, self.d),
                    self.e
                )

            def __eq__(self, other):
                return self._cmp_key() == other._cmp_key()

            def __lt__(self):
                return self._cmp_key() < other._cmp_key()

            # etc.

    Python would compare ``Widgets`` lexicographically based on their
    tuples. The issue there for simple comparators is that we have to
    bulid the tuples *and* we have to generate all the values in them up
    front. When implementing comparisons for large data structures, this
    can be costly.

    Lazy lexicographic comparison maps the tuple comparison shown above
    to generator functions. Instead of comparing based on pre-constructed
    tuple keys, users of this decorator can compare using elements from a
    generator. So, you'd write::

        @lazy_lexicographic_ordering
        class Widget:
            def _cmp_iter(self):
                yield a
                yield b
                def cd_fun():
                    yield c
                    yield d
                yield cd_fun
                yield e

            # operators are added by decorator

    There are no tuples preconstructed, and the generator does not have
    to complete. Instead of tuples, we simply make functions that lazily
    yield what would've been in the tuple. The
    ``@lazy_lexicographic_ordering`` decorator handles the details of
    implementing comparison operators, and the ``Widget`` implementor
    only has to worry about writing ``_cmp_iter``, and making sure the
    elements in it are also comparable.

    Some things to note:

      * If a class already has ``__eq__``, ``__ne__``, ``__lt__``,
        ``__le__``, ``__gt__``, ``__ge__``, or ``__hash__`` defined, this
        decorator will overwrite them.

      * If ``set_hash`` is ``False``, this will not overwrite
        ``__hash__``.

      * This class uses Python 2 None-comparison semantics. If you yield
        None and it is compared to a non-None type, None will always be
        less than the other object.

    Raises:
        TypeError: If the class does not have a ``_cmp_iter`` method

    """
    if not has_method(cls, "_cmp_iter"):
        raise TypeError("'%s' doesn't define _cmp_iter()." % cls.__name__)

    # comparison operators are implemented in terms of lazy_eq and lazy_lt
    def eq(self, other):
        if self is other:
            return True
        return (other is not None) and lazy_eq(self._cmp_iter, other._cmp_iter)

    def lt(self, other):
        if self is other:
            return False
        return (other is not None) and lazy_lt(self._cmp_iter, other._cmp_iter)

    def ne(self, other):
        if self is other:
            return False
        return (other is None) or not lazy_eq(self._cmp_iter, other._cmp_iter)

    def gt(self, other):
        if self is other:
            return False
        return (other is None) or lazy_lt(other._cmp_iter, self._cmp_iter)

    def le(self, other):
        if self is other:
            return True
        return (other is not None) and not lazy_lt(other._cmp_iter, self._cmp_iter)

    def ge(self, other):
        if self is other:
            return True
        return (other is None) or not lazy_lt(self._cmp_iter, other._cmp_iter)

    def h(self):
        return hash(tuplify(self._cmp_iter))

    def add_func_to_class(name, func):
        """Add a function to a class with a particular name."""
        func.__name__ = name
        setattr(cls, name, func)

    add_func_to_class("__eq__", eq)
    add_func_to_class("__ne__", ne)
    add_func_to_class("__lt__", lt)
    add_func_to_class("__le__", le)
    add_func_to_class("__gt__", gt)
    add_func_to_class("__ge__", ge)
    if set_hash:
        add_func_to_class("__hash__", h)

    return cls


@lazy_lexicographic_ordering
class HashableMap(collections.abc.MutableMapping):
    """This is a hashable, comparable dictionary.  Hash is performed on
    a tuple of the values in the dictionary."""

    __slots__ = ("dict",)

    def __init__(self):
        self.dict = {}

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        return self.dict[key]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.dict[key] = value

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.dict)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.dict)

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        del self.dict[key]

    def _cmp_iter(self):
        for _, v in sorted(self.items()):
            yield v

    def copy(self):
        """Type-agnostic clone method.  Preserves subclass type."""
        # Construct a new dict of my type
        self_type = type(self)
        clone = self_type()

        # Copy everything from this dict into it.
        for key in self:
            clone[key] = self[key].copy()
        return clone


def in_function(function_name):
    """True if the caller was called from some function with
    the supplied Name, False otherwise."""
    stack = inspect.stack()
    try:
        for elt in stack[2:]:
            if elt[3] == function_name:
                return True
        return False
    finally:
        del stack


def check_kwargs(kwargs, fun):
    """Helper for making functions with kwargs.  Checks whether the kwargs
    are empty after all of them have been popped off.  If they're
    not, raises an error describing which kwargs are invalid.

    Example::

       def foo(self, **kwargs):
           x = kwargs.pop('x', None)
           y = kwargs.pop('y', None)
           z = kwargs.pop('z', None)
           check_kwargs(kwargs, self.foo)

       # This raises a TypeError:
       foo(w='bad kwarg')
    """
    if kwargs:
        raise TypeError(
            "'%s' is an invalid keyword argument for function %s()."
            % (next(iter(kwargs)), fun.__name__)
        )


def match_predicate(*args):
    """Utility function for making string matching predicates.

    Each arg can be a:
    * regex
    * list or tuple of regexes
    * predicate that takes a string.

    This returns a predicate that is true if:
    * any arg regex matches
    * any regex in a list or tuple of regexes matches.
    * any predicate in args matches.
    """

    def match(string):
        for arg in args:
            if isinstance(arg, str):
                if re.search(arg, string):
                    return True
            elif isinstance(arg, list) or isinstance(arg, tuple):
                if any(re.search(i, string) for i in arg):
                    return True
            elif callable(arg):
                if arg(string):
                    return True
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "args to match_predicate must be regex, " "list of regexes, or callable."
                )
        return False

    return match


def dedupe(sequence, key=None):
    """Yields a stable de-duplication of an hashable sequence by key

    Args:
        sequence: hashable sequence to be de-duplicated
        key: callable applied on values before uniqueness test; identity
            by default.

    Returns:
        stable de-duplication of the sequence

    Examples:

        Dedupe a list of integers:

            [x for x in dedupe([1, 2, 1, 3, 2])] == [1, 2, 3]

            [x for x in llnl.util.lang.dedupe([1,-2,1,3,2], key=abs)] == [1, -2, 3]
    """
    seen = set()
    for x in sequence:
        x_key = x if key is None else key(x)
        if x_key not in seen:
            yield x
            seen.add(x_key)


def pretty_date(time, now=None):
    """Convert a datetime or timestamp to a pretty, relative date.

    Args:
        time (datetime.datetime or int): date to print prettily
        now (datetime.datetime): datetime for 'now', i.e. the date the pretty date
            is relative to (default is datetime.now())

    Returns:
        (str): pretty string like 'an hour ago', 'Yesterday',
            '3 months ago', 'just now', etc.

    Adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1551382.

    """
    if now is None:
        now = datetime.now()

    if type(time) is int:
        diff = now - datetime.fromtimestamp(time)
    elif isinstance(time, datetime):
        diff = now - time
    else:
        raise ValueError("pretty_date requires a timestamp or datetime")

    second_diff = diff.seconds
    day_diff = diff.days

    if day_diff < 0:
        return ""

    if day_diff == 0:
        if second_diff < 10:
            return "just now"
        if second_diff < 60:
            return str(second_diff) + " seconds ago"
        if second_diff < 120:
            return "a minute ago"
        if second_diff < 3600:
            return str(second_diff // 60) + " minutes ago"
        if second_diff < 7200:
            return "an hour ago"
        if second_diff < 86400:
            return str(second_diff // 3600) + " hours ago"
    if day_diff == 1:
        return "yesterday"
    if day_diff < 7:
        return str(day_diff) + " days ago"
    if day_diff < 28:
        weeks = day_diff // 7
        if weeks == 1:
            return "a week ago"
        else:
            return str(day_diff // 7) + " weeks ago"
    if day_diff < 365:
        months = day_diff // 30
        if months == 1:
            return "a month ago"
        elif months == 12:
            months -= 1
        return str(months) + " months ago"

    diff = day_diff // 365
    if diff == 1:
        return "a year ago"
    else:
        return str(diff) + " years ago"


def pretty_string_to_date(date_str, now=None):
    """Parses a string representing a date and returns a datetime object.

    Args:
        date_str (str): string representing a date. This string might be
            in different format (like ``YYYY``, ``YYYY-MM``, ``YYYY-MM-DD``,
            ``YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM``, ``YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS``)
            or be a *pretty date* (like ``yesterday`` or ``two months ago``)

    Returns:
        (datetime.datetime): datetime object corresponding to ``date_str``
    """

    pattern = {}

    now = now or datetime.now()

    # datetime formats
    pattern[re.compile(r"^\d{4}$")] = lambda x: datetime.strptime(x, "%Y")
    pattern[re.compile(r"^\d{4}-\d{2}$")] = lambda x: datetime.strptime(x, "%Y-%m")
    pattern[re.compile(r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$")] = lambda x: datetime.strptime(x, "%Y-%m-%d")
    pattern[re.compile(r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$")] = lambda x: datetime.strptime(
        x, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"
    )
    pattern[re.compile(r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}$")] = lambda x: datetime.strptime(
        x, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
    )

    pretty_regex = re.compile(r"(a|\d+)\s*(year|month|week|day|hour|minute|second)s?\s*ago")

    def _n_xxx_ago(x):
        how_many, time_period = pretty_regex.search(x).groups()

        how_many = 1 if how_many == "a" else int(how_many)

        # timedelta natively supports time periods up to 'weeks'.
        # To apply month or year we convert to 30 and 365 days
        if time_period == "month":
            how_many *= 30
            time_period = "day"
        elif time_period == "year":
            how_many *= 365
            time_period = "day"

        kwargs = {(time_period + "s"): how_many}
        return now - timedelta(**kwargs)

    pattern[pretty_regex] = _n_xxx_ago

    # yesterday
    callback = lambda x: now - timedelta(days=1)
    pattern[re.compile("^yesterday$")] = callback

    for regexp, parser in pattern.items():
        if bool(regexp.match(date_str)):
            return parser(date_str)

    msg = 'date "{0}" does not match any valid format'.format(date_str)
    raise ValueError(msg)


def pretty_seconds_formatter(seconds):
    if seconds >= 1:
        multiplier, unit = 1, "s"
    elif seconds >= 1e-3:
        multiplier, unit = 1e3, "ms"
    elif seconds >= 1e-6:
        multiplier, unit = 1e6, "us"
    else:
        multiplier, unit = 1e9, "ns"
    return lambda s: "%.3f%s" % (multiplier * s, unit)


def pretty_seconds(seconds):
    """Seconds to string with appropriate units

    Arguments:
        seconds (float): Number of seconds

    Returns:
        str: Time string with units
    """
    return pretty_seconds_formatter(seconds)(seconds)


class RequiredAttributeError(ValueError):
    def __init__(self, message):
        super().__init__(message)


class ObjectWrapper:
    """Base class that wraps an object. Derived classes can add new behavior
    while staying undercover.

    This class is modeled after the stackoverflow answer:
    * http://stackoverflow.com/a/1445289/771663
    """

    def __init__(self, wrapped_object):
        wrapped_cls = type(wrapped_object)
        wrapped_name = wrapped_cls.__name__

        # If the wrapped object is already an ObjectWrapper, or a derived class
        # of it, adding type(self) in front of type(wrapped_object)
        # results in an inconsistent MRO.
        #
        # TODO: the implementation below doesn't account for the case where we
        # TODO: have different base classes of ObjectWrapper, say A and B, and
        # TODO: we want to wrap an instance of A with B.
        if type(self) not in wrapped_cls.__mro__:
            self.__class__ = type(wrapped_name, (type(self), wrapped_cls), {})
        else:
            self.__class__ = type(wrapped_name, (wrapped_cls,), {})

        self.__dict__ = wrapped_object.__dict__


class Singleton:
    """Simple wrapper for lazily initialized singleton objects."""

    def __init__(self, factory):
        """Create a new singleton to be inited with the factory function.

        Args:
            factory (function): function taking no arguments that
                creates the singleton instance.
        """
        self.factory = factory
        self._instance = None

    @property
    def instance(self):
        if self._instance is None:
            self._instance = self.factory()
        return self._instance

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        # When unpickling Singleton objects, the 'instance' attribute may be
        # requested but not yet set. The final 'getattr' line here requires
        # 'instance'/'_instance' to be defined or it will enter an infinite
        # loop, so protect against that here.
        if name in ["_instance", "instance"]:
            raise AttributeError(f"cannot create {name}")
        return getattr(self.instance, name)

    def __getitem__(self, name):
        return self.instance[name]

    def __contains__(self, element):
        return element in self.instance

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.instance(*args, **kwargs)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.instance)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.instance)

    def __repr__(self):
        return repr(self.instance)


def load_module_from_file(module_name, module_path):
    """Loads a python module from the path of the corresponding file.

    If the module is already in ``sys.modules`` it will be returned as
    is and not reloaded.

    Args:
        module_name (str): namespace where the python module will be loaded,
            e.g. ``foo.bar``
        module_path (str): path of the python file containing the module

    Returns:
        A valid module object

    Raises:
        ImportError: when the module can't be loaded
        FileNotFoundError: when module_path doesn't exist
    """
    import importlib.util

    if module_name in sys.modules:
        return sys.modules[module_name]

    # This recipe is adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/a/67692/771663

    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(module_name, module_path)
    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
    # The module object needs to exist in sys.modules before the
    # loader executes the module code.
    #
    # See https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html#loading
    sys.modules[spec.name] = module
    try:
        spec.loader.exec_module(module)
    except BaseException:
        try:
            del sys.modules[spec.name]
        except KeyError:
            pass
        raise
    return module


def uniq(sequence):
    """Remove strings of duplicate elements from a list.

    This works like the command-line ``uniq`` tool.  It filters strings
    of duplicate elements in a list. Adjacent matching elements are
    merged into the first occurrence.

    For example::

        uniq([1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
        uniq([1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1]) == [1, 2, 1]

    """
    if not sequence:
        return []

    uniq_list = [sequence[0]]
    last = sequence[0]
    for element in sequence[1:]:
        if element != last:
            uniq_list.append(element)
            last = element
    return uniq_list


def star(func):
    """Unpacks arguments for use with Multiprocessing mapping functions"""

    def _wrapper(args):
        return func(*args)

    return _wrapper


class Devnull:
    """Null stream with less overhead than ``os.devnull``.

    See https://stackoverflow.com/a/2929954.
    """

    def write(self, *_):
        pass


def elide_list(line_list, max_num=10):
    """Takes a long list and limits it to a smaller number of elements,
    replacing intervening elements with '...'.  For example::

        elide_list([1,2,3,4,5,6], 4)

    gives::

        [1, 2, 3, '...', 6]
    """
    if len(line_list) > max_num:
        return line_list[: max_num - 1] + ["..."] + line_list[-1:]
    else:
        return line_list


@contextlib.contextmanager
def nullcontext(*args, **kwargs):
    """Empty context manager.
    TODO: replace with contextlib.nullcontext() if we ever require python 3.7.
    """
    yield


class UnhashableArguments(TypeError):
    """Raise when an @memoized function receives unhashable arg or kwarg values."""


def enum(**kwargs):
    """Return an enum-like class.

    Args:
        **kwargs: explicit dictionary of enums
    """
    return type("Enum", (object,), kwargs)


def stable_partition(
    input_iterable: Iterable, predicate_fn: Callable[[Any], bool]
) -> Tuple[List[Any], List[Any]]:
    """Partition the input iterable according to a custom predicate.

    Args:
        input_iterable: input iterable to be partitioned.
        predicate_fn: predicate function accepting an iterable item
            as argument.

    Return:
        Tuple of the list of elements evaluating to True, and
        list of elements evaluating to False.
    """
    true_items, false_items = [], []
    for item in input_iterable:
        if predicate_fn(item):
            true_items.append(item)
            continue
        false_items.append(item)
    return true_items, false_items


def ensure_last(lst, *elements):
    """Performs a stable partition of lst, ensuring that ``elements``
    occur at the end of ``lst`` in specified order. Mutates ``lst``.
    Raises ``ValueError`` if any ``elements`` are not already in ``lst``."""
    for elt in elements:
        lst.append(lst.pop(lst.index(elt)))


class TypedMutableSequence(collections.abc.MutableSequence):
    """Base class that behaves like a list, just with a different type.

    Client code can inherit from this base class:

        class Foo(TypedMutableSequence):
            pass

    and later perform checks based on types:

        if isinstance(l, Foo):
            # do something
    """

    def __init__(self, iterable):
        self.data = list(iterable)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self.data[item]

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.data[key] = value

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        del self.data[key]

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.data)

    def insert(self, index, item):
        self.data.insert(index, item)

    def __repr__(self):
        return repr(self.data)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.data)


class GroupedExceptionHandler:
    """A generic mechanism to coalesce multiple exceptions and preserve tracebacks."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.exceptions: List[Tuple[str, Exception, List[str]]] = []

    def __bool__(self):
        """Whether any exceptions were handled."""
        return bool(self.exceptions)

    def forward(self, context: str, base: type = BaseException) -> "GroupedExceptionForwarder":
        """Return a contextmanager which extracts tracebacks and prefixes a message."""
        return GroupedExceptionForwarder(context, self, base)

    def _receive_forwarded(self, context: str, exc: Exception, tb: List[str]):
        self.exceptions.append((context, exc, tb))

    def grouped_message(self, with_tracebacks: bool = True) -> str:
        """Print out an error message coalescing all the forwarded errors."""
        each_exception_message = [
            "{0} raised {1}: {2}{3}".format(
                context,
                exc.__class__.__name__,
                exc,
                "\n{0}".format("".join(tb)) if with_tracebacks else "",
            )
            for context, exc, tb in self.exceptions
        ]
        return "due to the following failures:\n{0}".format("\n".join(each_exception_message))


class GroupedExceptionForwarder:
    """A contextmanager to capture exceptions and forward them to a
    GroupedExceptionHandler."""

    def __init__(self, context: str, handler: GroupedExceptionHandler, base: type):
        self._context = context
        self._handler = handler
        self._base = base

    def __enter__(self):
        return None

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
        if exc_value is not None:
            if not issubclass(exc_type, self._base):
                return False
            self._handler._receive_forwarded(self._context, exc_value, traceback.format_tb(tb))

        # Suppress any exception from being re-raised:
        # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__.
        return True


class classproperty:
    """Non-data descriptor to evaluate a class-level property. The function that performs
    the evaluation is injected at creation time and take an instance (could be None) and
    an owner (i.e. the class that originated the instance)
    """

    def __init__(self, callback):
        self.callback = callback

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return self.callback(owner)