Environments: Add support for including views (#42250)

* Environments: Add support for including views (take 2)

* schema type hint fixes

29 files changed, 590 insertions, 284 deletions

diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/config.py b/lib/spack/spack/config.py
index be6aeea7f0..cc15a7d36e 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/config.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/config.py
@@ -63,10 +63,11 @@ from spack.error import SpackError
 from spack.util.cpus import cpus_available
 
 #: Dict from section names -> schema for that section
-SECTION_SCHEMAS = {
+SECTION_SCHEMAS: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "compilers": spack.schema.compilers.schema,
     "concretizer": spack.schema.concretizer.schema,
     "definitions": spack.schema.definitions.schema,
+    "view": spack.schema.view.schema,
     "develop": spack.schema.develop.schema,
     "mirrors": spack.schema.mirrors.schema,
     "repos": spack.schema.repos.schema,
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ SECTION_SCHEMAS = {
 
 # Same as above, but including keys for environments
 # this allows us to unify config reading between configs and environments
-_ALL_SCHEMAS = copy.deepcopy(SECTION_SCHEMAS)
+_ALL_SCHEMAS: Dict[str, Any] = copy.deepcopy(SECTION_SCHEMAS)
 _ALL_SCHEMAS.update({spack.schema.env.TOP_LEVEL_KEY: spack.schema.env.schema})
 
 #: Path to the default configuration
@@ -1096,7 +1097,7 @@ def read_config_file(
             data = syaml.load_config(f)
 
         if data:
-            if not schema:
+            if schema is None:
                 key = next(iter(data))
                 schema = _ALL_SCHEMAS[key]
             validate(data, schema)
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py b/lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py
index 605eaf222c..4320667274 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/environment/environment.py
@@ -871,9 +871,55 @@ class Environment:
             else:
                 self.spec_lists[name] = user_specs
 
+    def _process_view(self, env_view: Optional[Union[bool, str, Dict]]):
+        """Process view option(s), which can be boolean, string, or None.
+
+        A boolean environment view option takes precedence over any that may
+        be included. So ``view: True`` results in the default view only. And
+        ``view: False`` means the environment will have no view.
+
+        Args:
+            env_view: view option provided in the manifest or configuration
+        """
+
+        def add_view(name, values):
+            """Add the view with the name and the string or dict values."""
+            if isinstance(values, str):
+                self.views[name] = ViewDescriptor(self.path, values)
+            elif isinstance(values, dict):
+                self.views[name] = ViewDescriptor.from_dict(self.path, values)
+            else:
+                tty.error(f"Cannot add view named {name} for {type(values)} values {values}")
+
+        # If the configuration specifies 'view: False' then we are done
+        # processing views. If this is called with the environment's view
+        # view (versus an included view), then there are to be NO views.
+        if env_view is False:
+            return
+
+        # If the configuration specifies 'view: True' then only the default
+        # view will be created for the environment and we are done processing
+        # views.
+        if env_view is True:
+            add_view(default_view_name, self.view_path_default)
+            return
+
+        # Otherwise, the configuration has a subdirectory or dictionary.
+        if isinstance(env_view, str):
+            add_view(default_view_name, env_view)
+        elif env_view:
+            for name, values in env_view.items():
+                add_view(name, values)
+
+        # If we reach this point without an explicit view option then we
+        # provide the default view.
+        if self.views == dict():
+            self.views[default_view_name] = ViewDescriptor(self.path, self.view_path_default)
+
     def _construct_state_from_manifest(self):
         """Set up user specs and views from the manifest file."""
         self.spec_lists = collections.OrderedDict()
+        self.views = {}
 
         for item in spack.config.get("definitions", []):
             self._process_definition(item)
@@ -885,20 +931,7 @@ class Environment:
         )
         self.spec_lists[user_speclist_name] = user_specs
 
-        enable_view = env_configuration.get("view")
-        # enable_view can be boolean, string, or None
-        if enable_view is True or enable_view is None:
-            self.views = {default_view_name: ViewDescriptor(self.path, self.view_path_default)}
-        elif isinstance(enable_view, str):
-            self.views = {default_view_name: ViewDescriptor(self.path, enable_view)}
-        elif enable_view:
-            path = self.path
-            self.views = dict(
-                (name, ViewDescriptor.from_dict(path, values))
-                for name, values in enable_view.items()
-            )
-        else:
-            self.views = {}
+        self._process_view(spack.config.get("view", True))
 
     @property
     def user_specs(self):
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/bootstrap.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/bootstrap.py
index 0007852d1c..ecd2f0f834 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/bootstrap.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/bootstrap.py
@@ -3,16 +3,17 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 """Schema for bootstrap.yaml configuration file."""
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 #: Schema of a single source
-_source_schema = {
+_source_schema: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "type": "object",
     "properties": {"name": {"type": "string"}, "metadata": {"type": "string"}},
     "additionalProperties": False,
     "required": ["name", "metadata"],
 }
 
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "bootstrap": {
         "type": "object",
         "properties": {
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/buildcache_spec.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/buildcache_spec.py
index e04a8e9519..70aa3a32f1 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/buildcache_spec.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/buildcache_spec.py
@@ -6,27 +6,31 @@
 """Schema for a buildcache spec.yaml file
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/buildcache_spec.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 15-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 import spack.schema.spec
 
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    # `buildinfo` is no longer needed as of Spack 0.21
+    "buildinfo": {"type": "object"},
+    "spec": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "additionalProperties": True,
+        "items": spack.schema.spec.properties,
+    },
+    "binary_cache_checksum": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {"hash_algorithm": {"type": "string"}, "hash": {"type": "string"}},
+    },
+    "buildcache_layout_version": {"type": "number"},
+}
+
 schema = {
     "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
     "title": "Spack buildcache specfile schema",
     "type": "object",
     "additionalProperties": False,
-    "properties": {
-        # `buildinfo` is no longer needed as of Spack 0.21
-        "buildinfo": {"type": "object"},
-        "spec": {
-            "type": "object",
-            "additionalProperties": True,
-            "items": spack.schema.spec.properties,
-        },
-        "binary_cache_checksum": {
-            "type": "object",
-            "properties": {"hash_algorithm": {"type": "string"}, "hash": {"type": "string"}},
-        },
-        "buildcache_layout_version": {"type": "number"},
-    },
+    "properties": properties,
 }
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/cdash.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/cdash.py
index 42d40a5c3a..5360038f61 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/cdash.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/cdash.py
@@ -2,16 +2,15 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
 """Schema for cdash.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: ../spack/schema/cdash.py
    :lines: 13-
 """
-
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "cdash": {
         "type": "object",
         "additionalProperties": False,
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/ci.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/ci.py
index 9cc9baf385..3706415e30 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/ci.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/ci.py
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
 """Schema for gitlab-ci.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: ../spack/schema/ci.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 16-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 from llnl.util.lang import union_dicts
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ ci_properties = {
 }
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "ci": {
         "oneOf": [
             # TODO: Replace with core-shared-properties in Spack 0.23
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/compilers.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/compilers.py
index 831ef9ad2b..1df696cda9 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/compilers.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/compilers.py
@@ -2,16 +2,17 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
 """Schema for compilers.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/compilers.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 15-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 import spack.schema.environment
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "compilers": {
         "type": "array",
         "items": {
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/concretizer.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/concretizer.py
index 57f0c06b54..bc9253cb25 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/concretizer.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/concretizer.py
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
 """Schema for concretizer.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/concretizer.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 12-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "concretizer": {
         "type": "object",
         "additionalProperties": False,
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/config.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/config.py
index add66118f7..2a6499058d 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/config.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/config.py
@@ -5,15 +5,16 @@
 """Schema for config.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/config.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 17-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 from llnl.util.lang import union_dicts
 
 import spack.schema.projections
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "config": {
         "type": "object",
         "default": {},
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/container.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/container.py
index 287ed945eb..12b157c5cc 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/container.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/container.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 """Schema for the 'container' subsection of Spack environments."""
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 _stages_from_dockerhub = {
     "type": "object",
@@ -85,4 +86,4 @@ container_schema = {
     },
 }
 
-properties = {"container": container_schema}
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {"container": container_schema}
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/cray_manifest.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/cray_manifest.py
index c922bb2c31..ff76ecf915 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/cray_manifest.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/cray_manifest.py
@@ -11,112 +11,115 @@
    This does not specify a configuration - it is an input format
    that is consumed and transformed into Spack DB records.
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
-schema = {
-    "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/schema#",
-    "title": "CPE manifest schema",
-    "type": "object",
-    "additionalProperties": False,
-    "properties": {
-        "_meta": {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    "_meta": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "properties": {
+            "file-type": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+            "cpe-version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+            "system-type": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+            "schema-version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+            # Older schemas use did not have "cpe-version", just the
+            # schema version; in that case it was just called "version"
+            "version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+        },
+    },
+    "compilers": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": {
             "type": "object",
             "additionalProperties": False,
             "properties": {
-                "file-type": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                "cpe-version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                "system-type": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                "schema-version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                # Older schemas use did not have "cpe-version", just the
-                # schema version; in that case it was just called "version"
+                "name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
                 "version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-            },
-        },
-        "compilers": {
-            "type": "array",
-            "items": {
-                "type": "object",
-                "additionalProperties": False,
-                "properties": {
-                    "name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                    "version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                    "prefix": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                    "executables": {
-                        "type": "object",
-                        "additionalProperties": False,
-                        "properties": {
-                            "cc": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                            "cxx": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                            "fc": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                        },
+                "prefix": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                "executables": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "additionalProperties": False,
+                    "properties": {
+                        "cc": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                        "cxx": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                        "fc": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
                     },
-                    "arch": {
-                        "type": "object",
-                        "required": ["os", "target"],
-                        "additionalProperties": False,
-                        "properties": {
-                            "os": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                            "target": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                        },
+                },
+                "arch": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "required": ["os", "target"],
+                    "additionalProperties": False,
+                    "properties": {
+                        "os": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                        "target": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
                     },
                 },
             },
         },
-        "specs": {
-            "type": "array",
-            "items": {
-                "type": "object",
-                "required": ["name", "version", "arch", "compiler", "prefix", "hash"],
-                "additionalProperties": False,
-                "properties": {
-                    "name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                    "version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                    "arch": {
-                        "type": "object",
-                        "required": ["platform", "platform_os", "target"],
-                        "additioanlProperties": False,
-                        "properties": {
-                            "platform": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                            "platform_os": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                            "target": {
-                                "type": "object",
-                                "additionalProperties": False,
-                                "required": ["name"],
-                                "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1}},
-                            },
+    },
+    "specs": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "required": ["name", "version", "arch", "compiler", "prefix", "hash"],
+            "additionalProperties": False,
+            "properties": {
+                "name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                "version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                "arch": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "required": ["platform", "platform_os", "target"],
+                    "additionalProperties": False,
+                    "properties": {
+                        "platform": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                        "platform_os": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                        "target": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "additionalProperties": False,
+                            "required": ["name"],
+                            "properties": {"name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1}},
                         },
                     },
-                    "compiler": {
-                        "type": "object",
-                        "required": ["name", "version"],
-                        "additionalProperties": False,
-                        "properties": {
-                            "name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                            "version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                        },
+                },
+                "compiler": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "required": ["name", "version"],
+                    "additionalProperties": False,
+                    "properties": {
+                        "name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                        "version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
                     },
-                    "dependencies": {
-                        "type": "object",
-                        "patternProperties": {
-                            "\\w[\\w-]*": {
-                                "type": "object",
-                                "required": ["hash"],
-                                "additionalProperties": False,
-                                "properties": {
-                                    "hash": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                                    "type": {
-                                        "type": "array",
-                                        "items": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                                    },
+                },
+                "dependencies": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "patternProperties": {
+                        "\\w[\\w-]*": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "required": ["hash"],
+                            "additionalProperties": False,
+                            "properties": {
+                                "hash": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                                "type": {
+                                    "type": "array",
+                                    "items": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
                                 },
-                            }
-                        },
+                            },
+                        }
                     },
-                    "prefix": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                    "rpm": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                    "hash": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
-                    "parameters": {"type": "object"},
                 },
+                "prefix": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                "rpm": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                "hash": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+                "parameters": {"type": "object"},
             },
         },
     },
 }
+
+schema = {
+    "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/schema#",
+    "title": "CPE manifest schema",
+    "type": "object",
+    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "properties": properties,
+}
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/database_index.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/database_index.py
index 4b25b415a3..eaa0d2ece9 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/database_index.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/database_index.py
@@ -6,12 +6,41 @@
 """Schema for database index.json file
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/database_index.py
-   :lines: 36-
+   :lines: 17-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 import spack.schema.spec
 
 # spack.schema.spec.properties
 
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    "database": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": ["installs", "version"],
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "properties": {
+            "installs": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "patternProperties": {
+                    r"^[\w\d]{32}$": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "spec": spack.schema.spec.properties,
+                            "path": {"oneOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "null"}]},
+                            "installed": {"type": "boolean"},
+                            "ref_count": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0},
+                            "explicit": {"type": "boolean"},
+                            "installation_time": {"type": "number"},
+                        },
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "version": {"type": "string"},
+        },
+    }
+}
+
 #: Full schema with metadata
 schema = {
     "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
@@ -19,30 +48,5 @@ schema = {
     "type": "object",
     "required": ["database"],
     "additionalProperties": False,
-    "properties": {
-        "database": {
-            "type": "object",
-            "required": ["installs", "version"],
-            "additionalProperties": False,
-            "properties": {
-                "installs": {
-                    "type": "object",
-                    "patternProperties": {
-                        r"^[\w\d]{32}$": {
-                            "type": "object",
-                            "properties": {
-                                "spec": spack.schema.spec.properties,
-                                "path": {"oneOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "null"}]},
-                                "installed": {"type": "boolean"},
-                                "ref_count": {"type": "integer", "minimum": 0},
-                                "explicit": {"type": "boolean"},
-                                "installation_time": {"type": "number"},
-                            },
-                        }
-                    },
-                },
-                "version": {"type": "string"},
-            },
-        }
-    },
+    "properties": properties,
 }
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/definitions.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/definitions.py
index 81579811b2..1f8b8b4833 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/definitions.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/definitions.py
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@
 """Schema for definitions
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/definitions.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 16-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 import spack.schema
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "definitions": {
         "type": "array",
         "default": [],
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/develop.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/develop.py
index 7fa2ec5b07..13391dcdb0 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/develop.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/develop.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
-
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "develop": {
         "type": "object",
         "default": {},
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/env.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/env.py
index b5f1294722..676fbeb277 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/env.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/env.py
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 """Schema for env.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/env.py
-   :lines: 36-
+   :lines: 19-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 from llnl.util.lang import union_dicts
 
 import spack.schema.gitlab_ci  # DEPRECATED
@@ -19,61 +21,31 @@ TOP_LEVEL_KEY = "spack"
 
 projections_scheme = spack.schema.projections.properties["projections"]
 
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    "spack": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "default": {},
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "properties": union_dicts(
+            # Include deprecated "gitlab-ci" section
+            spack.schema.gitlab_ci.properties,
+            # merged configuration scope schemas
+            spack.schema.merged.properties,
+            # extra environment schema properties
+            {
+                "include": {"type": "array", "default": [], "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                "specs": spack.schema.spec_list_schema,
+            },
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
 schema = {
     "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
     "title": "Spack environment file schema",
     "type": "object",
     "additionalProperties": False,
-    "properties": {
-        "spack": {
-            "type": "object",
-            "default": {},
-            "additionalProperties": False,
-            "properties": union_dicts(
-                # Include deprecated "gitlab-ci" section
-                spack.schema.gitlab_ci.properties,
-                # merged configuration scope schemas
-                spack.schema.merged.properties,
-                # extra environment schema properties
-                {
-                    "include": {"type": "array", "default": [], "items": {"type": "string"}},
-                    "specs": spack.schema.spec_list_schema,
-                    "view": {
-                        "anyOf": [
-                            {"type": "boolean"},
-                            {"type": "string"},
-                            {
-                                "type": "object",
-                                "patternProperties": {
-                                    r"\w+": {
-                                        "required": ["root"],
-                                        "additionalProperties": False,
-                                        "properties": {
-                                            "root": {"type": "string"},
-                                            "link": {
-                                                "type": "string",
-                                                "pattern": "(roots|all|run)",
-                                            },
-                                            "link_type": {"type": "string"},
-                                            "select": {
-                                                "type": "array",
-                                                "items": {"type": "string"},
-                                            },
-                                            "exclude": {
-                                                "type": "array",
-                                                "items": {"type": "string"},
-                                            },
-                                            "projections": projections_scheme,
-                                        },
-                                    }
-                                },
-                            },
-                        ]
-                    },
-                },
-            ),
-        }
-    },
+    "properties": properties,
 }
 
 
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/environment.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/environment.py
index 1c5070092e..193a07b657 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/environment.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/environment.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 schemas.
 """
 import collections.abc
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 array_of_strings_or_num = {
     "type": "array",
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ dictionary_of_strings_or_num = {
     "patternProperties": {r"\w[\w-]*": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "number"}]}},
 }
 
-definition = {
+definition: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "type": "object",
     "default": {},
     "additionalProperties": False,
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/gitlab_ci.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/gitlab_ci.py
index 85acd9cc51..a180777aca 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/gitlab_ci.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/gitlab_ci.py
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@
 """Schema for gitlab-ci.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: ../spack/schema/gitlab_ci.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 15-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 from llnl.util.lang import union_dicts
 
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ gitlab_ci_properties = {
 }
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {"gitlab-ci": gitlab_ci_properties}
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {"gitlab-ci": gitlab_ci_properties}
 
 #: Full schema with metadata
 schema = {
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/merged.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/merged.py
index f4d70f8241..a883f5af62 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/merged.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/merged.py
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 """Schema for configuration merged into one file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/merged.py
-   :lines: 39-
+   :lines: 32-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 from llnl.util.lang import union_dicts
 
 import spack.schema.bootstrap
@@ -24,9 +26,10 @@ import spack.schema.modules
 import spack.schema.packages
 import spack.schema.repos
 import spack.schema.upstreams
+import spack.schema.view
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = union_dicts(
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = union_dicts(
     spack.schema.bootstrap.properties,
     spack.schema.cdash.properties,
     spack.schema.compilers.properties,
@@ -41,6 +44,7 @@ properties = union_dicts(
     spack.schema.packages.properties,
     spack.schema.repos.properties,
     spack.schema.upstreams.properties,
+    spack.schema.view.properties,
 )
 
 
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/mirrors.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/mirrors.py
index 13ed1c746e..c3959374a7 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/mirrors.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/mirrors.py
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@
 """Schema for mirrors.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/mirrors.py
-   :lines: 12-69
+   :lines: 13-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 #: Common properties for connection specification
 connection = {
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ mirror_entry = {
 }
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "mirrors": {
         "type": "object",
         "default": {},
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/modules.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/modules.py
index 48db98c485..02c8f757f2 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/modules.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/modules.py
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
 """Schema for modules.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/modules.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 16-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 import spack.schema.environment
 import spack.schema.projections
 
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ module_config_properties = {
 
 
 # Properties for inclusion into other schemas (requires definitions)
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "modules": {
         "type": "object",
         "additionalProperties": False,
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py
index 365536990e..492180f70e 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 """Schema for packages.yaml configuration files.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/packages.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 14-
 """
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 import spack.schema.environment
 
 permissions = {
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ package_attributes = {
 REQUIREMENT_URL = "https://spack.readthedocs.io/en/latest/packages_yaml.html#package-requirements"
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "packages": {
         "type": "object",
         "default": {},
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/projections.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/projections.py
index 00f28d8bf9..60f956bba6 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/projections.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/projections.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 """Schema for projections.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/projections.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 14-
 """
-
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "projections": {"type": "object", "patternProperties": {r"all|\w[\w-]*": {"type": "string"}}}
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/repos.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/repos.py
index 46f775fb4e..654efe0f00 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/repos.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/repos.py
@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@
 """Schema for repos.yaml configuration file.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/repos.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 14-
 """
-
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {"repos": {"type": "array", "default": [], "items": {"type": "string"}}}
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    "repos": {"type": "array", "default": [], "items": {"type": "string"}}
+}
 
 
 #: Full schema with metadata
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/spack.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/spack.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d5a13c17e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/spack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+"""Schema for spack environment
+
+.. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/spack.py
+   :lines: 20-
+"""
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+from llnl.util.lang import union_dicts
+
+import spack.schema
+import spack.schema.gitlab_ci as ci_schema  # DEPRECATED
+import spack.schema.merged as merged_schema
+
+#: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    "spack": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "default": {},
+        "additionalProperties": False,
+        "properties": union_dicts(
+            # Include deprecated "gitlab-ci" section
+            ci_schema.properties,
+            # merged configuration scope schemas
+            merged_schema.properties,
+            # extra environment schema properties
+            {
+                "include": {"type": "array", "default": [], "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                "specs": spack.schema.spec_list_schema,
+            },
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+#: Full schema with metadata
+schema = {
+    "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+    "title": "Spack environment file schema",
+    "type": "object",
+    "additionalProperties": False,
+    "properties": properties,
+}
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/spec.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/spec.py
index 3cbb8a65d2..5ae59d9ffa 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/spec.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/spec.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
 TODO: This needs to be updated? Especially the hashes under properties.
 
 .. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/spec.py
-   :lines: 13-
+   :lines: 15-
 """
-
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 target = {
     "oneOf": [
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ build_spec = {
 }
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "spec": {
         "type": "object",
         "additionalProperties": False,
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/upstreams.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/upstreams.py
index eee9d050ba..6ce313ff89 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/schema/upstreams.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/upstreams.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 # Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-
+from typing import Any, Dict
 
 #: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
-properties = {
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
     "upstreams": {
         "type": "object",
         "default": {},
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/schema/view.py b/lib/spack/spack/schema/view.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c24501ba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/schema/view.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2024 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+"""Schema for view
+
+.. literalinclude:: _spack_root/lib/spack/spack/schema/view.py
+   :lines: 15-
+"""
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+import spack.schema
+
+projections_scheme = spack.schema.projections.properties["projections"]
+
+#: Properties for inclusion in other schemas
+properties: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    "view": {
+        "anyOf": [
+            {"type": "boolean"},
+            {"type": "string"},
+            {
+                "type": "object",
+                "patternProperties": {
+                    r"\w+": {
+                        "required": ["root"],
+                        "additionalProperties": False,
+                        "properties": {
+                            "root": {"type": "string"},
+                            "link": {"type": "string", "pattern": "(roots|all|run)"},
+                            "link_type": {"type": "string"},
+                            "select": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                            "exclude": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
+                            "projections": projections_scheme,
+                        },
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+#: Full schema with metadata
+schema = {
+    "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+    "title": "Spack view configuration file schema",
+    "properties": properties,
+}
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/env.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/env.py
index c9137e6aea..cfb167320e 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/env.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/env.py
@@ -2537,58 +2537,88 @@ spack:
         assert viewdir not in shell
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("include_views", [True, False, "split"])
 def test_stack_view_multiple_views(
-    tmpdir, mock_fetch, mock_packages, mock_archive, install_mockery
+    tmp_path,
+    mock_fetch,
+    mock_packages,
+    mock_archive,
+    install_mockery,
+    mutable_config,
+    include_views,
 ):
-    filename = str(tmpdir.join("spack.yaml"))
-    default_viewdir = str(tmpdir.join("default-view"))
-    combin_viewdir = str(tmpdir.join("combinatorial-view"))
-    with open(filename, "w") as f:
-        f.write(
-            """\
-spack:
+    """Test multiple views as both included views (True), as both environment
+    views (False), or as one included and the other in the environment."""
+    # Write the view configuration and or manifest file
+    view_filename = tmp_path / "view.yaml"
+    base_content = """\
   definitions:
     - packages: [mpileaks, cmake]
-    - compilers: ['%%gcc', '%%clang']
+    - compilers: ['%gcc', '%clang']
   specs:
     - matrix:
         - [$packages]
         - [$compilers]
+"""
 
-  view:
-    default:
-      root: %s
-      select: ['%%gcc']
-    combinatorial:
-      root: %s
-      exclude: [callpath %%gcc]
-      projections:
-        'all': '{name}/{version}-{compiler.name}'"""
-            % (default_viewdir, combin_viewdir)
-        )
-    with tmpdir.as_cwd():
-        env("create", "test", "./spack.yaml")
-        with ev.read("test"):
-            install()
+    include_content = f"  include:\n    - {view_filename}\n"
+    view_line = "  view:\n"
 
-        shell = env("activate", "--sh", "test")
-        assert "PATH" in shell
-        assert os.path.join(default_viewdir, "bin") in shell
+    comb_dir = tmp_path / "combinatorial-view"
+    comb_view = """\
+{0}combinatorial:
+{0}  root: {1}
+{0}  exclude: [callpath%gcc]
+{0}  projections:
+"""
 
-        test = ev.read("test")
-        for spec in test._get_environment_specs():
+    projection = "    'all': '{name}/{version}-{compiler.name}'"
+
+    default_dir = tmp_path / "default-view"
+    default_view = """\
+{0}default:
+{0}  root: {1}
+{0}  select: ['%gcc']
+"""
+
+    content = "spack:\n"
+    indent = "  "
+    if include_views is True:
+        # Include both the gcc and combinatorial views
+        view = "view:\n" + default_view.format(indent, str(default_dir))
+        view += comb_view.format(indent, str(comb_dir)) + indent + projection
+        view_filename.write_text(view)
+        content += include_content + base_content
+    elif include_views == "split":
+        # Include the gcc view and inline the combinatorial view
+        view = "view:\n" + default_view.format(indent, str(default_dir))
+        view_filename.write_text(view)
+        content += include_content + base_content + view_line
+        indent += "  "
+        content += comb_view.format(indent, str(comb_dir)) + indent + projection
+    else:
+        # Inline both the gcc and combinatorial views in the environment.
+        indent += "  "
+        content += base_content + view_line
+        content += default_view.format(indent, str(default_dir))
+        content += comb_view.format(indent, str(comb_dir)) + indent + projection
+
+    filename = tmp_path / ev.manifest_name
+    filename.write_text(content)
+
+    env("create", "test", str(filename))
+    with ev.read("test"):
+        install()
+
+    with ev.read("test") as e:
+        assert os.path.exists(str(default_dir / "bin"))
+        for spec in e._get_environment_specs():
+            spec_subdir = f"{spec.version}-{spec.compiler.name}"
+            comb_spec_dir = str(comb_dir / spec.name / spec_subdir)
             if not spec.satisfies("callpath%gcc"):
-                assert os.path.exists(
-                    os.path.join(
-                        combin_viewdir, spec.name, "%s-%s" % (spec.version, spec.compiler.name)
-                    )
-                )
+                assert os.path.exists(comb_spec_dir)
             else:
-                assert not os.path.exists(
-                    os.path.join(
-                        combin_viewdir, spec.name, "%s-%s" % (spec.version, spec.compiler.name)
-                    )
-                )
+                assert not os.path.exists(comb_spec_dir)
 
 
 def test_env_activate_sh_prints_shell_output(tmpdir, mock_stage, mock_fetch, install_mockery):
@@ -3714,3 +3744,150 @@ def test_environment_created_from_lockfile_has_view(mock_packages, temporary_sto
     # Make sure the view was created
     with ev.Environment(env_b) as e:
         assert os.path.isdir(e.view_path_default)
+
+
+def test_env_view_disabled(tmp_path, mutable_mock_env_path):
+    """Ensure an inlined view being disabled means not even the default view
+    is created (since the case doesn't appear to be covered in this module)."""
+    spack_yaml = tmp_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
+        """\
+spack:
+  specs:
+  - mpileaks
+  view: false
+"""
+    )
+    env("create", "disabled", str(spack_yaml))
+    with ev.read("disabled") as e:
+        e.concretize()
+
+    assert len(e.views) == 0
+    assert not os.path.exists(e.view_path_default)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("first", ["false", "true", "custom"])
+def test_env_include_mixed_views(tmp_path, mutable_mock_env_path, mutable_config, first):
+    """Ensure including path and boolean views in different combinations result
+    in the creation of only the first view if it is not disabled."""
+    false_yaml = tmp_path / "false-view.yaml"
+    false_yaml.write_text("view: false\n")
+
+    true_yaml = tmp_path / "true-view.yaml"
+    true_yaml.write_text("view: true\n")
+
+    custom_name = "my-test-view"
+    custom_view = tmp_path / custom_name
+    custom_yaml = tmp_path / "custom-view.yaml"
+    custom_yaml.write_text(
+        f"""
+view:
+  {custom_name}:
+    root: {custom_view}
+"""
+    )
+
+    if first == "false":
+        order = [false_yaml, true_yaml, custom_yaml]
+    elif first == "true":
+        order = [true_yaml, custom_yaml, false_yaml]
+    else:
+        order = [custom_yaml, false_yaml, true_yaml]
+    includes = [f"  - {yaml}\n" for yaml in order]
+
+    spack_yaml = tmp_path / ev.manifest_name
+    spack_yaml.write_text(
+        f"""\
+spack:
+  include:
+{''.join(includes)}
+  specs:
+  - mpileaks
+  packages:
+    mpileaks:
+      compiler: [gcc]
+"""
+    )
+
+    env("create", "test", str(spack_yaml))
+    with ev.read("test") as e:
+        concretize()
+
+    # Only the first included view should be created if view not disabled by it
+    assert len(e.views) == 0 if first == "false" else 1
+    if first == "true":
+        assert os.path.exists(e.view_path_default)
+    else:
+        assert not os.path.exists(e.view_path_default)
+
+    if first == "custom":
+        assert os.path.exists(custom_view)
+    else:
+        assert not os.path.exists(custom_view)
+
+
+def test_stack_view_multiple_views_same_name(
+    tmp_path, mock_fetch, mock_packages, mock_archive, install_mockery, mutable_config
+):
+    """Test multiple views with the same name combine settings with precedence
+    given to the options in spack.yaml."""
+    # Write the view configuration and or manifest file
+
+    view_filename = tmp_path / "view.yaml"
+    default_dir = tmp_path / "default-view"
+    default_view = f"""\
+view:
+  default:
+    root: {default_dir}
+    select: ['%gcc']
+    projections:
+      all: '{{name}}/{{version}}-{{compiler.name}}'
+"""
+    view_filename.write_text(default_view)
+
+    view_dir = tmp_path / "view"
+    content = f"""\
+spack:
+  include:
+  - {view_filename}
+  definitions:
+    - packages: [mpileaks, cmake]
+    - compilers: ['%gcc', '%clang']
+  specs:
+    - matrix:
+        - [$packages]
+        - [$compilers]
+
+  view:
+    default:
+      root: {view_dir}
+      exclude: ['cmake']
+      projections:
+        all: '{{name}}/{{compiler.name}}-{{version}}'
+"""
+
+    filename = tmp_path / ev.manifest_name
+    filename.write_text(content)
+
+    env("create", "test", str(filename))
+    with ev.read("test"):
+        install()
+
+    with ev.read("test") as e:
+        # the view root in the included view should NOT exist
+        assert not os.path.exists(str(default_dir))
+
+        for spec in e._get_environment_specs():
+            # no specs will exist in the included view projection
+            included_spec_subdir = f"{spec.version}-{spec.compiler.name}"
+            included_spec_dir = str(view_dir / spec.name / included_spec_subdir)
+            assert not os.path.exists(included_spec_dir)
+
+            # only specs compiled with %gcc (selected in the included view) that
+            # are also not cmake (excluded in the environment view) should exist
+            env_spec_subdir = f"{spec.compiler.name}-{spec.version}"
+            env_spec_dir = str(view_dir / spec.name / env_spec_subdir)
+            if spec.satisfies("cmake") or spec.satisfies("%clang"):
+                assert not os.path.exists(env_spec_dir)
+            else:
+                assert os.path.exists(env_spec_dir)
diff --git a/share/spack/spack-completion.fish b/share/spack/spack-completion.fish
index 52def8de23..b2c0a89362 100755
--- a/share/spack/spack-completion.fish
+++ b/share/spack/spack-completion.fish
@@ -1179,19 +1179,19 @@ complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command config' -l scope -r -d 'configu
 
 # spack config get
 set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_config_get h/help
-complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos 0 config get' -f -a 'bootstrap cdash ci compilers concretizer config definitions develop mirrors modules packages repos upstreams'
+complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos 0 config get' -f -a 'bootstrap cdash ci compilers concretizer config definitions develop mirrors modules packages repos upstreams view'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command config get' -s h -l help -f -a help
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command config get' -s h -l help -d 'show this help message and exit'
 
 # spack config blame
 set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_config_blame h/help
-complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos 0 config blame' -f -a 'bootstrap cdash ci compilers concretizer config definitions develop mirrors modules packages repos upstreams'
+complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos 0 config blame' -f -a 'bootstrap cdash ci compilers concretizer config definitions develop mirrors modules packages repos upstreams view'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command config blame' -s h -l help -f -a help
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command config blame' -s h -l help -d 'show this help message and exit'
 
 # spack config edit
 set -g __fish_spack_optspecs_spack_config_edit h/help print-file
-complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos 0 config edit' -f -a 'bootstrap cdash ci compilers concretizer config definitions develop mirrors modules packages repos upstreams'
+complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command_pos 0 config edit' -f -a 'bootstrap cdash ci compilers concretizer config definitions develop mirrors modules packages repos upstreams view'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command config edit' -s h -l help -f -a help
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command config edit' -s h -l help -d 'show this help message and exit'
 complete -c spack -n '__fish_spack_using_command config edit' -l print-file -f -a print_file