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-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/cmd/create.py90
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/cmd/info.py24
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/cmd/url.py6
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/directives.py50
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py52
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/package.py114
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/pkgkit.py4
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/create.py107
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/info.py3
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/test/concretize.py8
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py50
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/test/install.py35
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/test/package_sanity.py2
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/test/packages.py19
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py77
-rw-r--r--lib/spack/spack/version.py9
-rw-r--r--var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/nosource-install/package.py31
-rw-r--r--var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/nosource/package.py17
-rw-r--r--var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/noversion-bundle/package.py18
-rw-r--r--var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/noversion/package.py19
-rw-r--r--var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/xsdk/package.py21
21 files changed, 565 insertions, 191 deletions
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/create.py b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/create.py
index 59e3274bdb..fd2a00d6cb 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/create.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/create.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import re
import llnl.util.tty as tty
from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp
-import spack.cmd
import spack.util.web
import spack.repo
from spack.spec import Spec
@@ -58,35 +57,33 @@ class {class_name}({base_class_name}):
# FIXME: Add a proper url for your package's homepage here.
homepage = "http://www.example.com"
- url = "{url}"
+{url_def}
{versions}
{dependencies}
-{body}
+{body_def}
'''
-class PackageTemplate(object):
- """Provides the default values to be used for the package file template"""
+class BundlePackageTemplate(object):
+ """
+ Provides the default values to be used for a bundle package file template.
+ """
- base_class_name = 'Package'
+ base_class_name = 'BundlePackage'
dependencies = """\
# FIXME: Add dependencies if required.
# depends_on('foo')"""
- body = """\
- def install(self, spec, prefix):
- # FIXME: Unknown build system
- make()
- make('install')"""
+ url_def = " # There is no URL since there is no code to download."
+ body_def = " # There is no need for install() since there is no code."
- def __init__(self, name, url, versions):
+ def __init__(self, name, versions):
self.name = name
self.class_name = mod_to_class(name)
- self.url = url
self.versions = versions
def write(self, pkg_path):
@@ -98,10 +95,29 @@ class PackageTemplate(object):
name=self.name,
class_name=self.class_name,
base_class_name=self.base_class_name,
- url=self.url,
+ url_def=self.url_def,
versions=self.versions,
dependencies=self.dependencies,
- body=self.body))
+ body_def=self.body_def))
+
+
+class PackageTemplate(BundlePackageTemplate):
+ """Provides the default values to be used for the package file template"""
+
+ base_class_name = 'Package'
+
+ body_def = """\
+ def install(self, spec, prefix):
+ # FIXME: Unknown build system
+ make()
+ make('install')"""
+
+ url_line = """ url = \"{url}\""""
+
+ def __init__(self, name, url, versions):
+ super(PackageTemplate, self).__init__(name, versions)
+
+ self.url_def = self.url_line.format(url=url)
class AutotoolsPackageTemplate(PackageTemplate):
@@ -376,6 +392,7 @@ templates = {
'autotools': AutotoolsPackageTemplate,
'autoreconf': AutoreconfPackageTemplate,
'cmake': CMakePackageTemplate,
+ 'bundle': BundlePackageTemplate,
'qmake': QMakePackageTemplate,
'scons': SconsPackageTemplate,
'waf': WafPackageTemplate,
@@ -438,7 +455,7 @@ class BuildSystemGuesser:
# Most octave extensions are hosted on Octave-Forge:
# http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
# They all have the same base URL.
- if 'downloads.sourceforge.net/octave/' in url:
+ if url is not None and 'downloads.sourceforge.net/octave/' in url:
self.build_system = 'octave'
return
@@ -507,15 +524,22 @@ def get_name(args):
# Default package name
name = 'example'
- if args.name:
+ if args.name is not None:
# Use a user-supplied name if one is present
name = args.name
- tty.msg("Using specified package name: '{0}'".format(name))
- elif args.url:
+ if len(args.name.strip()) > 0:
+ tty.msg("Using specified package name: '{0}'".format(name))
+ else:
+ tty.die("A package name must be provided when using the option.")
+ elif args.url is not None:
# Try to guess the package name based on the URL
try:
name = parse_name(args.url)
- tty.msg("This looks like a URL for {0}".format(name))
+ if name != args.url:
+ desc = 'URL'
+ else:
+ desc = 'package name'
+ tty.msg("This looks like a {0} for {1}".format(desc, name))
except UndetectableNameError:
tty.die("Couldn't guess a name for this package.",
" Please report this bug. In the meantime, try running:",
@@ -567,21 +591,27 @@ def get_versions(args, name):
BuildSystemGuesser object
"""
- # Default version, hash, and guesser
- versions = """\
+ # Default version with hash
+ hashed_versions = """\
# FIXME: Add proper versions and checksums here.
# version('1.2.3', '0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef')"""
+ # Default version without hash
+ unhashed_versions = """\
+ # FIXME: Add proper versions here.
+ # version('1.2.4')"""
+
+ # Default guesser
guesser = BuildSystemGuesser()
- if args.url:
+ if args.url is not None and args.template != 'bundle':
# Find available versions
try:
url_dict = spack.util.web.find_versions_of_archive(args.url)
except UndetectableVersionError:
# Use fake versions
tty.warn("Couldn't detect version in: {0}".format(args.url))
- return versions, guesser
+ return hashed_versions, guesser
if not url_dict:
# If no versions were found, revert to what the user provided
@@ -591,6 +621,8 @@ def get_versions(args, name):
versions = spack.util.web.get_checksums_for_versions(
url_dict, name, first_stage_function=guesser,
keep_stage=args.keep_stage)
+ else:
+ versions = unhashed_versions
return versions, guesser
@@ -610,15 +642,14 @@ def get_build_system(args, guesser):
Returns:
str: The name of the build system template to use
"""
-
# Default template
template = 'generic'
- if args.template:
+ if args.template is not None:
# Use a user-supplied template if one is present
template = args.template
tty.msg("Using specified package template: '{0}'".format(template))
- elif args.url:
+ elif args.url is not None:
# Use whatever build system the guesser detected
template = guesser.build_system
if template == 'generic':
@@ -681,8 +712,11 @@ def create(parser, args):
build_system = get_build_system(args, guesser)
# Create the package template object
+ constr_args = {'name': name, 'versions': versions}
package_class = templates[build_system]
- package = package_class(name, url, versions)
+ if package_class != BundlePackageTemplate:
+ constr_args['url'] = url
+ package = package_class(**constr_args)
tty.msg("Created template for {0} package".format(package.name))
# Create a directory for the new package
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/info.py b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/info.py
index c67de5b102..37a1aeb0a4 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/info.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/info.py
@@ -174,16 +174,19 @@ def print_text_info(pkg):
not v.isdevelop(),
v)
preferred = sorted(pkg.versions, key=key_fn).pop()
+ url = ''
+ if pkg.has_code:
+ url = fs.for_package_version(pkg, preferred)
- f = fs.for_package_version(pkg, preferred)
- line = version(' {0}'.format(pad(preferred))) + color.cescape(f)
+ line = version(' {0}'.format(pad(preferred))) + color.cescape(url)
color.cprint(line)
color.cprint('')
color.cprint(section_title('Safe versions: '))
for v in reversed(sorted(pkg.versions)):
- f = fs.for_package_version(pkg, v)
- line = version(' {0}'.format(pad(v))) + color.cescape(f)
+ if pkg.has_code:
+ url = fs.for_package_version(pkg, v)
+ line = version(' {0}'.format(pad(v))) + color.cescape(url)
color.cprint(line)
color.cprint('')
@@ -193,12 +196,13 @@ def print_text_info(pkg):
for line in formatter.lines:
color.cprint(line)
- color.cprint('')
- color.cprint(section_title('Installation Phases:'))
- phase_str = ''
- for phase in pkg.phases:
- phase_str += " {0}".format(phase)
- color.cprint(phase_str)
+ if hasattr(pkg, 'phases') and pkg.phases:
+ color.cprint('')
+ color.cprint(section_title('Installation Phases:'))
+ phase_str = ''
+ for phase in pkg.phases:
+ phase_str += " {0}".format(phase)
+ color.cprint(phase_str)
for deptype in ('build', 'link', 'run'):
color.cprint('')
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/url.py b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/url.py
index 604640851e..3fe4e0ac6a 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/cmd/url.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/cmd/url.py
@@ -258,6 +258,12 @@ def url_stats(args):
for pkg in spack.repo.path.all_packages():
npkgs += 1
+ if not pkg.has_code:
+ for _ in pkg.versions:
+ inc('No code', 'total')
+ nvers += 1
+ continue
+
# look at each version
for v, args in pkg.versions.items():
# figure out what type of fetcher it is
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/directives.py b/lib/spack/spack/directives.py
index 009be89e06..d877d4a193 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/directives.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/directives.py
@@ -17,13 +17,14 @@ definition to modify the package, for example:
The available directives are:
- * ``version``
+ * ``conflicts``
* ``depends_on``
- * ``provides``
* ``extends``
* ``patch``
- * ``variant``
+ * ``provides``
* ``resource``
+ * ``variant``
+ * ``version``
"""
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ import spack.variant
from spack.dependency import Dependency, default_deptype, canonical_deptype
from spack.fetch_strategy import from_kwargs
from spack.resource import Resource
-from spack.version import Version
+from spack.version import Version, VersionChecksumError
__all__ = []
@@ -138,8 +139,8 @@ class DirectiveMeta(type):
cls, name, bases, attr_dict)
def __init__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
- # The class is being created: if it is a package we must ensure
- # that the directives are called on the class to set it up
+ # The instance is being initialized: if it is a package we must ensure
+ # that the directives are called to set it up.
if 'spack.pkg' in cls.__module__:
# Ensure the presence of the dictionaries associated
@@ -260,16 +261,22 @@ directive = DirectiveMeta.directive
@directive('versions')
def version(ver, checksum=None, **kwargs):
- """Adds a version and metadata describing how to fetch its source code.
+ """Adds a version and, if appropriate, metadata for fetching its code.
- Metadata is stored as a dict of ``kwargs`` in the package class's
- ``versions`` dictionary.
+ The ``version`` directives are aggregated into a ``versions`` dictionary
+ attribute with ``Version`` keys and metadata values, where the metadata
+ is stored as a dictionary of ``kwargs``.
- The ``dict`` of arguments is turned into a valid fetch strategy
- later. See ``spack.fetch_strategy.for_package_version()``.
+ The ``dict`` of arguments is turned into a valid fetch strategy for
+ code packages later. See ``spack.fetch_strategy.for_package_version()``.
"""
def _execute_version(pkg):
- if checksum:
+ if checksum is not None:
+ if hasattr(pkg, 'has_code') and not pkg.has_code:
+ raise VersionChecksumError(
+ "{0}: Checksums not allowed in no-code packages"
+ "(see '{1}' version).".format(pkg.name, ver))
+
kwargs['checksum'] = checksum
# Store kwargs for the package to later with a fetch_strategy.
@@ -451,18 +458,23 @@ def patch(url_or_filename, level=1, when=None, working_dir=".", **kwargs):
"""
def _execute_patch(pkg_or_dep):
+ pkg = pkg_or_dep
+ if isinstance(pkg, Dependency):
+ pkg = pkg.pkg
+
+ if hasattr(pkg, 'has_code') and not pkg.has_code:
+ raise UnsupportedPackageDirective(
+ 'Patches are not allowed in {0}: package has no code.'.
+ format(pkg.name))
+
when_spec = make_when_spec(when)
if not when_spec:
return
- # if this spec is identical to some other, then append this
+ # If this spec is identical to some other, then append this
# patch to the existing list.
cur_patches = pkg_or_dep.patches.setdefault(when_spec, [])
- pkg = pkg_or_dep
- if isinstance(pkg, Dependency):
- pkg = pkg.pkg
-
global _patch_order_index
ordering_key = (pkg.name, _patch_order_index)
_patch_order_index += 1
@@ -639,3 +651,7 @@ class CircularReferenceError(DirectiveError):
class DependencyPatchError(DirectiveError):
"""Raised for errors with patching dependencies."""
+
+
+class UnsupportedPackageDirective(DirectiveError):
+ """Raised when an invalid or unsupported package directive is specified."""
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py b/lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py
index 7623972d90..32239d81ce 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/fetch_strategy.py
@@ -165,6 +165,51 @@ class FetchStrategy(with_metaclass(FSMeta, object)):
return cls.url_attr in args
+class BundleFetchStrategy(FetchStrategy):
+ """
+ Fetch strategy associated with bundle, or no-code, packages.
+
+ Having a basic fetch strategy is a requirement for executing post-install
+ hooks. Consequently, this class provides the API but does little more
+ than log messages.
+
+ TODO: Remove this class by refactoring resource handling and the link
+ between composite stages and composite fetch strategies (see #11981).
+ """
+ #: This is a concrete fetch strategy for no-code packages.
+ enabled = True
+
+ #: There is no associated URL keyword in ``version()`` for no-code
+ #: packages but this property is required for some strategy-related
+ #: functions (e.g., check_pkg_attributes).
+ url_attr = ''
+
+ def fetch(self):
+ tty.msg("No code to fetch.")
+ return True
+
+ def check(self):
+ tty.msg("No code to check.")
+
+ def expand(self):
+ tty.msg("No archive to expand.")
+
+ def reset(self):
+ tty.msg("No code to reset.")
+
+ def archive(self, destination):
+ tty.msg("No code to archive.")
+
+ @property
+ def cachable(self):
+ tty.msg("No code to cache.")
+ return False
+
+ def source_id(self):
+ tty.msg("No code to be uniquely identified.")
+ return ''
+
+
@pattern.composite(interface=FetchStrategy)
class FetchStrategyComposite(object):
"""Composite for a FetchStrategy object.
@@ -1117,6 +1162,12 @@ def _from_merged_attrs(fetcher, pkg, version):
def for_package_version(pkg, version):
"""Determine a fetch strategy based on the arguments supplied to
version() in the package description."""
+
+ # No-code packages have a custom fetch strategy to work around issues
+ # with resource staging.
+ if not pkg.has_code:
+ return BundleFetchStrategy()
+
check_pkg_attributes(pkg)
if not isinstance(version, Version):
@@ -1159,6 +1210,7 @@ def from_list_url(pkg):
"""If a package provides a URL which lists URLs for resources by
version, this can can create a fetcher for a URL discovered for
the specified package's version."""
+
if pkg.list_url:
try:
versions = pkg.fetch_remote_versions()
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/package.py b/lib/spack/spack/package.py
index 5f3cfef6f0..50e483ffd6 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/package.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/package.py
@@ -137,10 +137,8 @@ class PackageMeta(
spack.directives.DirectiveMeta,
spack.mixins.PackageMixinsMeta
):
- """Conveniently transforms attributes to permit extensible phases
-
- Iterates over the attribute 'phases' and creates / updates private
- InstallPhase attributes in the class that is being initialized
+ """
+ Package metaclass for supporting directives (e.g., depends_on) and phases
"""
phase_fmt = '_InstallPhase_{0}'
@@ -148,7 +146,14 @@ class PackageMeta(
_InstallPhase_run_after = {}
def __new__(cls, name, bases, attr_dict):
+ """
+ Instance creation is preceded by phase attribute transformations.
+ Conveniently transforms attributes to permit extensible phases by
+ iterating over the attribute 'phases' and creating / updating private
+ InstallPhase attributes in the class that will be initialized in
+ __init__.
+ """
if 'phases' in attr_dict:
# Turn the strings in 'phases' into InstallPhase instances
# and add them as private attributes
@@ -338,11 +343,16 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
***The Package class***
- A package defines how to fetch, verify (via, e.g., sha256), build,
- and install a piece of software. A Package also defines what other
- packages it depends on, so that dependencies can be installed along
- with the package itself. Packages are written in pure python by
- users of Spack.
+ At its core, a package consists of a set of software to be installed.
+ A package may focus on a piece of software and its associated software
+ dependencies or it may simply be a set, or bundle, of software. The
+ former requires defining how to fetch, verify (via, e.g., sha256), build,
+ and install that software and the packages it depends on, so that
+ dependencies can be installed along with the package itself. The latter,
+ sometimes referred to as a ``no-source`` package, requires only defining
+ the packages to be built.
+
+ Packages are written in pure Python.
There are two main parts of a Spack package:
@@ -353,12 +363,12 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
used as input to the concretizer.
2. **Package instances**. Once instantiated, a package is
- essentially an installer for a particular piece of
- software. Spack calls methods like ``do_install()`` on the
- ``Package`` object, and it uses those to drive user-implemented
- methods like ``patch()``, ``install()``, and other build steps.
- To install software, An instantiated package needs a *concrete*
- spec, which guides the behavior of the various install methods.
+ essentially a software installer. Spack calls methods like
+ ``do_install()`` on the ``Package`` object, and it uses those to
+ drive user-implemented methods like ``patch()``, ``install()``, and
+ other build steps. To install software, an instantiated package
+ needs a *concrete* spec, which guides the behavior of the various
+ install methods.
Packages are imported from repos (see ``repo.py``).
@@ -377,12 +387,15 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
p = Package() # Done for you by spack
- p.do_fetch() # downloads tarball from a URL
+ p.do_fetch() # downloads tarball from a URL (or VCS)
p.do_stage() # expands tarball in a temp directory
p.do_patch() # applies patches to expanded source
p.do_install() # calls package's install() function
p.do_uninstall() # removes install directory
+ although packages that do not have code have nothing to fetch so omit
+ ``p.do_fetch()``.
+
There are also some other commands that clean the build area:
.. code-block:: python
@@ -392,7 +405,7 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
# re-expands the archive.
The convention used here is that a ``do_*`` function is intended to be
- called internally by Spack commands (in spack.cmd). These aren't for
+ called internally by Spack commands (in ``spack.cmd``). These aren't for
package writers to override, and doing so may break the functionality
of the Package class.
@@ -400,7 +413,8 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
override anything in this class. That is not usually required.
For most use cases. Package creators typically just add attributes
- like ``url`` and ``homepage``, or functions like ``install()``.
+ like ``homepage`` and, for a code-based package, ``url``, or functions
+ such as ``install()``.
There are many custom ``Package`` subclasses in the
``spack.build_systems`` package that make things even easier for
specific build systems.
@@ -410,6 +424,10 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
# These are default values for instance variables.
#
+ #: Most Spack packages are used to install source or binary code while
+ #: those that do not can be used to install a set of other Spack packages.
+ has_code = True
+
#: By default we build in parallel. Subclasses can override this.
parallel = True
@@ -482,7 +500,7 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
#: Do not include @ here in order not to unnecessarily ping the users.
maintainers = []
- #: List of attributes which affect do not affect a package's content.
+ #: List of attributes to be excluded from a package's hash.
metadata_attrs = ['homepage', 'url', 'list_url', 'extendable', 'parallel',
'make_jobs']
@@ -497,21 +515,6 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
# a binary cache.
self.installed_from_binary_cache = False
- # Check versions in the versions dict.
- for v in self.versions:
- assert (isinstance(v, Version))
-
- # Check version descriptors
- for v in sorted(self.versions):
- assert (isinstance(self.versions[v], dict))
-
- # Version-ize the keys in versions dict
- try:
- self.versions = dict((Version(v), h)
- for v, h in self.versions.items())
- except ValueError as e:
- raise ValueError("In package %s: %s" % (self.name, e.message))
-
# Set a default list URL (place to find available versions)
if not hasattr(self, 'list_url'):
self.list_url = None
@@ -1032,6 +1035,9 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
if not self.spec.concrete:
raise ValueError("Can only fetch concrete packages.")
+ if not self.has_code:
+ raise InvalidPackageOpError("Can only fetch a package with a URL.")
+
start_time = time.time()
checksum = spack.config.get('config:checksum')
if checksum and self.version not in self.versions:
@@ -1069,11 +1075,20 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
if not self.spec.concrete:
raise ValueError("Can only stage concrete packages.")
- self.do_fetch(mirror_only) # this will create the stage
- self.stage.expand_archive()
+ # Always create the stage directory at this point. Why? A no-code
+ # package may want to use the installation process to install metadata.
+ self.stage.create()
+
+ # Fetch/expand any associated code.
+ if self.has_code:
+ self.do_fetch(mirror_only)
+ self.stage.expand_archive()
- if not os.listdir(self.stage.path):
- raise FetchError("Archive was empty for %s" % self.name)
+ if not os.listdir(self.stage.path):
+ raise FetchError("Archive was empty for %s" % self.name)
+ else:
+ # Support for post-install hooks requires a stage.source_path
+ mkdirp(self.stage.source_path)
def do_patch(self):
"""Applies patches if they haven't been applied already."""
@@ -1542,7 +1557,7 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
Package._install_bootstrap_compiler(dep.package, **kwargs)
dep.package.do_install(**dep_kwargs)
- # Then, install the compiler if it is not already installed.
+ # Then install the compiler if it is not already installed.
if install_deps:
Package._install_bootstrap_compiler(self, **kwargs)
@@ -1674,8 +1689,8 @@ class PackageBase(with_metaclass(PackageMeta, PackageViewMixin, object)):
# Ensure the metadata path exists as well
mkdirp(spack.store.layout.metadata_path(self.spec), mode=perms)
- # Fork a child to do the actual installation
- # we preserve verbosity settings across installs.
+ # Fork a child to do the actual installation.
+ # Preserve verbosity settings across installs.
PackageBase._verbose = spack.build_environment.fork(
self, build_process, dirty=dirty, fake=fake)
@@ -2357,6 +2372,19 @@ env_flags = PackageBase.env_flags
build_system_flags = PackageBase.build_system_flags
+class BundlePackage(PackageBase):
+ """General purpose bundle, or no-code, package class."""
+ #: There are no phases by default but the property is required to support
+ #: post-install hooks (e.g., for module generation).
+ phases = []
+ #: This attribute is used in UI queries that require to know which
+ #: build-system class we are using
+ build_system_class = 'BundlePackage'
+
+ #: Bundle packages do not have associated source or binary code.
+ has_code = False
+
+
class Package(PackageBase):
"""General purpose class with a single ``install``
phase that needs to be coded by packagers.
@@ -2528,6 +2556,10 @@ class NoURLError(PackageError):
"Package %s has no version with a URL." % cls.__name__)
+class InvalidPackageOpError(PackageError):
+ """Raised when someone tries perform an invalid operation on a package."""
+
+
class ExtensionError(PackageError):
"""Superclass for all errors having to do with extension packages."""
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/pkgkit.py b/lib/spack/spack/pkgkit.py
index ff3288f48a..7ad7279e73 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/pkgkit.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/pkgkit.py
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ Everything in this module is automatically imported into Spack package files.
import llnl.util.filesystem
from llnl.util.filesystem import *
-from spack.package import Package, run_before, run_after, on_package_attributes
+from spack.package import \
+ Package, BundlePackage, \
+ run_before, run_after, on_package_attributes
from spack.package import inject_flags, env_flags, build_system_flags
from spack.build_systems.makefile import MakefilePackage
from spack.build_systems.aspell_dict import AspellDictPackage
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/create.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/create.py
index d3da1cce2f..030140c74e 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/create.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/create.py
@@ -9,29 +9,13 @@ import pytest
import spack.cmd.create
import spack.util.editor
-
+from spack.url import UndetectableNameError
from spack.main import SpackCommand
create = SpackCommand('create')
-@pytest.fixture("module")
-def cmd_create_repo(tmpdir_factory):
- repo_namespace = 'cmd_create_repo'
- repodir = tmpdir_factory.mktemp(repo_namespace)
- repodir.ensure(spack.repo.packages_dir_name, dir=True)
- yaml = repodir.join('repo.yaml')
- yaml.write("""
-repo:
- namespace: cmd_create_repo
-""")
-
- repo = spack.repo.RepoPath(str(repodir))
- with spack.repo.swap(repo):
- yield repo, repodir
-
-
@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
def parser():
"""Returns the parser for the module"""
@@ -40,18 +24,91 @@ def parser():
return prs
-def test_create_template(parser, cmd_create_repo):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('args,name_index,expected', [
+ (['test-package'], 0, [r'TestPackage(Package)', r'def install(self']),
+ (['-n', 'test-named-package', 'file://example.tar.gz'], 1,
+ [r'TestNamedPackage(Package)', r'def install(self']),
+ (['file://example.tar.gz'], -1,
+ [r'Example(Package)', r'def install(self']),
+ (['-t', 'bundle', 'test-bundle'], 2, [r'TestBundle(BundlePackage)'])
+])
+def test_create_template(parser, mock_test_repo, args, name_index, expected):
"""Test template creation."""
- repo, repodir = cmd_create_repo
+ repo, repodir = mock_test_repo
- name = 'test-package'
- args = parser.parse_args(['--skip-editor', name])
- spack.cmd.create.create(parser, args)
+ constr_args = parser.parse_args(['--skip-editor'] + args)
+ spack.cmd.create.create(parser, constr_args)
- filename = repo.filename_for_package_name(name)
+ pkg_name = args[name_index] if name_index > -1 else 'example'
+ filename = repo.filename_for_package_name(pkg_name)
assert os.path.exists(filename)
with open(filename, 'r') as package_file:
content = ' '.join(package_file.readlines())
- for entry in [r'TestPackage(Package)', r'def install(self']:
- assert content.find(entry) > -1
+ for entry in expected:
+ assert entry in content
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('name,expected', [
+ (' ', 'name must be provided'),
+ ('bad#name', 'name can only contain'),
+])
+def test_create_template_bad_name(parser, mock_test_repo, name, expected):
+ """Test template creation with bad name options."""
+ constr_args = parser.parse_args(['--skip-editor', '-n', name])
+ with pytest.raises(SystemExit, matches=expected):
+ spack.cmd.create.create(parser, constr_args)
+
+
+def test_build_system_guesser_no_stage(parser):
+ """Test build system guesser when stage not provided."""
+ guesser = spack.cmd.create.BuildSystemGuesser()
+
+ # Ensure get the expected build system
+ with pytest.raises(AttributeError,
+ matches="'NoneType' object has no attribute"):
+ guesser(None, '/the/url/does/not/matter')
+
+
+def test_build_system_guesser_octave(parser):
+ """
+ Test build system guesser for the special case, where the same base URL
+ identifies the build system rather than guessing the build system from
+ files contained in the archive.
+ """
+ url, expected = 'downloads.sourceforge.net/octave/', 'octave'
+ guesser = spack.cmd.create.BuildSystemGuesser()
+
+ # Ensure get the expected build system
+ guesser(None, url)
+ assert guesser.build_system == expected
+
+ # Also ensure get the correct template
+ args = parser.parse_args([url])
+ bs = spack.cmd.create.get_build_system(args, guesser)
+ assert bs == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('url,expected', [
+ ('testname', 'testname'),
+ ('file://example.com/archive.tar.gz', 'archive'),
+])
+def test_get_name_urls(parser, url, expected):
+ """Test get_name with different URLs."""
+ args = parser.parse_args([url])
+ name = spack.cmd.create.get_name(args)
+ assert name == expected
+
+
+def test_get_name_error(parser, monkeypatch):
+ """Test get_name UndetectableNameError exception path."""
+ def _parse_name_offset(path, v):
+ raise UndetectableNameError(path)
+
+ monkeypatch.setattr(spack.url, 'parse_name_offset', _parse_name_offset)
+
+ url = 'downloads.sourceforge.net/noapp/'
+ args = parser.parse_args([url])
+
+ with pytest.raises(SystemExit, matches="Couldn't guess a name"):
+ spack.cmd.create.get_name(args)
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/info.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/info.py
index 24b3fc2bd0..1928794560 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/info.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/cmd/info.py
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ def mock_print(monkeypatch, info_lines):
'trilinos',
'boost',
'python',
- 'dealii'
+ 'dealii',
+ 'xsdk' # a BundlePackage
])
def test_it_just_runs(pkg):
info(pkg)
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/concretize.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/concretize.py
index eee0199726..b82993dd8e 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/concretize.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/concretize.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import spack.architecture
import spack.concretize
import spack.repo
-from spack.concretize import find_spec
+from spack.concretize import find_spec, NoValidVersionError
from spack.spec import Spec, CompilerSpec
from spack.spec import ConflictsInSpecError, SpecError
from spack.version import ver
@@ -565,3 +565,9 @@ class TestConcretize(object):
# Make sure the concrete spec are top-level specs with no dependents
for spec in concrete_specs:
assert not spec.dependents()
+
+ @pytest.mark.parametrize('spec', ['noversion', 'noversion-bundle'])
+ def test_noversion_pkg(self, spec):
+ """Test concretization failures for no-version packages."""
+ with pytest.raises(NoValidVersionError, match="no valid versions"):
+ Spec(spec).concretized()
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py
index d54f2fc732..b247d484c5 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/conftest.py
@@ -944,3 +944,53 @@ def invalid_spec(request):
"""Specs that do not parse cleanly due to invalid formatting.
"""
return request.param
+
+
+@pytest.fixture("module")
+def mock_test_repo(tmpdir_factory):
+ """Create an empty repository."""
+ repo_namespace = 'mock_test_repo'
+ repodir = tmpdir_factory.mktemp(repo_namespace)
+ repodir.ensure(spack.repo.packages_dir_name, dir=True)
+ yaml = repodir.join('repo.yaml')
+ yaml.write("""
+repo:
+ namespace: mock_test_repo
+""")
+
+ repo = spack.repo.RepoPath(str(repodir))
+ with spack.repo.swap(repo):
+ yield repo, repodir
+
+ shutil.rmtree(str(repodir))
+
+
+##########
+# Class and fixture to work around problems raising exceptions in directives,
+# which cause tests like test_from_list_url to hang for Python 2.x metaclass
+# processing.
+#
+# At this point only version and patch directive handling has been addressed.
+##########
+
+class MockBundle(object):
+ has_code = False
+ name = 'mock-bundle'
+ versions = {}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mock_directive_bundle():
+ """Return a mock bundle package for directive tests."""
+ return MockBundle()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def clear_directive_functions():
+ """Clear all overidden directive functions for subsequent tests."""
+ yield
+
+ # Make sure any directive functions overidden by tests are cleared before
+ # proceeding with subsequent tests that may depend on the original
+ # functions.
+ spack.directives.DirectiveMeta._directives_to_be_executed = []
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/install.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/install.py
index 85e1c5050c..e0a83f20b2 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/install.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/install.py
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import shutil
from llnl.util.filesystem import mkdirp, touch, working_dir
-from spack.package import InstallError, PackageBase, PackageStillNeededError
+from spack.package import \
+ InstallError, InvalidPackageOpError, PackageBase, PackageStillNeededError
import spack.patch
import spack.repo
import spack.store
@@ -326,6 +327,38 @@ def test_uninstall_by_spec_errors(mutable_database):
PackageBase.uninstall_by_spec(rec.spec)
+def test_nosource_pkg_install(install_mockery, mock_fetch, mock_packages):
+ """Test install phases with the nosource package."""
+ spec = Spec('nosource').concretized()
+ pkg = spec.package
+
+ # Make sure install works even though there is no associated code.
+ pkg.do_install()
+
+ # Also make sure an error is raised if `do_fetch` is called.
+ with pytest.raises(InvalidPackageOpError,
+ match="fetch a package with a URL"):
+ pkg.do_fetch()
+
+
+def test_nosource_pkg_install_post_install(
+ install_mockery, mock_fetch, mock_packages):
+ """Test install phases with the nosource package with post-install."""
+ spec = Spec('nosource-install').concretized()
+ pkg = spec.package
+
+ # Make sure both the install and post-install package methods work.
+ pkg.do_install()
+
+ # Ensure the file created in the package's `install` method exists.
+ install_txt = os.path.join(spec.prefix, 'install.txt')
+ assert os.path.isfile(install_txt)
+
+ # Ensure the file created in the package's `post-install` method exists.
+ post_install_txt = os.path.join(spec.prefix, 'post-install.txt')
+ assert os.path.isfile(post_install_txt)
+
+
def test_pkg_build_paths(install_mockery):
# Get a basic concrete spec for the trivial install package.
spec = Spec('trivial-install-test-package').concretized()
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/package_sanity.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/package_sanity.py
index ed103c8d74..e1a16e80af 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/package_sanity.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/package_sanity.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def test_all_virtual_packages_have_default_providers():
def test_package_version_consistency():
- """Make sure all versions on builtin packages can produce a fetcher."""
+ """Make sure all versions on builtin packages produce a fetcher."""
for name in spack.repo.all_package_names():
pkg = spack.repo.get(name)
spack.fetch_strategy.check_pkg_attributes(pkg)
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/packages.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/packages.py
index 145c8fb2aa..186b0d0007 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/packages.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/packages.py
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ from spack.paths import mock_packages_path
from spack.util.naming import mod_to_class
from spack.spec import Spec
from spack.util.package_hash import package_content
+from spack.version import VersionChecksumError
+import spack.directives
@pytest.mark.usefixtures('config', 'mock_packages')
@@ -369,3 +371,20 @@ def test_rpath_args(mutable_database):
rpath_args = rec.spec.package.rpath_args
assert '-rpath' in rpath_args
assert 'mpich' in rpath_args
+
+
+def test_bundle_version_checksum(mock_directive_bundle,
+ clear_directive_functions):
+ """Test raising exception on a version checksum with a bundle package."""
+ with pytest.raises(VersionChecksumError, match="Checksums not allowed"):
+ version = spack.directives.version('1.0', checksum='1badpkg')
+ version(mock_directive_bundle)
+
+
+def test_bundle_patch_directive(mock_directive_bundle,
+ clear_directive_functions):
+ """Test raising exception on a patch directive with a bundle package."""
+ with pytest.raises(spack.directives.UnsupportedPackageDirective,
+ match="Patches are not allowed"):
+ patch = spack.directives.patch('mock/patch.txt')
+ patch(mock_directive_bundle)
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py b/lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py
index cc9560350a..c43005ff62 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/test/url_fetch.py
@@ -85,67 +85,46 @@ def test_fetch(
assert 'echo Building...' in contents
-def test_from_list_url(mock_packages, config):
- pkg = spack.repo.get('url-list-test')
-
- # These URLs are all in the url-list-test package and should have
- # checksums taken from the package.
- spec = Spec('url-list-test @0.0.0').concretized()
- pkg = spack.repo.get(spec)
- fetch_strategy = from_list_url(pkg)
- assert isinstance(fetch_strategy, URLFetchStrategy)
- assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-0.0.0.tar.gz'
- assert fetch_strategy.digest == 'abc000'
-
- spec = Spec('url-list-test @1.0.0').concretized()
- pkg = spack.repo.get(spec)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('spec,url,digest', [
+ ('url-list-test @0.0.0', 'foo-0.0.0.tar.gz', 'abc000'),
+ ('url-list-test @1.0.0', 'foo-1.0.0.tar.gz', 'abc100'),
+ ('url-list-test @3.0', 'foo-3.0.tar.gz', 'abc30'),
+ ('url-list-test @4.5', 'foo-4.5.tar.gz', 'abc45'),
+ ('url-list-test @2.0.0b2', 'foo-2.0.0b2.tar.gz', 'abc200b2'),
+ ('url-list-test @3.0a1', 'foo-3.0a1.tar.gz', 'abc30a1'),
+ ('url-list-test @4.5-rc5', 'foo-4.5-rc5.tar.gz', 'abc45rc5'),
+])
+def test_from_list_url(mock_packages, config, spec, url, digest):
+ """
+ Test URLs in the url-list-test package, which means they should
+ have checksums in the package.
+ """
+ specification = Spec(spec).concretized()
+ pkg = spack.repo.get(specification)
fetch_strategy = from_list_url(pkg)
assert isinstance(fetch_strategy, URLFetchStrategy)
- assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-1.0.0.tar.gz'
- assert fetch_strategy.digest == 'abc100'
+ assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == url
+ assert fetch_strategy.digest == digest
- spec = Spec('url-list-test @3.0').concretized()
- pkg = spack.repo.get(spec)
- fetch_strategy = from_list_url(pkg)
- assert isinstance(fetch_strategy, URLFetchStrategy)
- assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-3.0.tar.gz'
- assert fetch_strategy.digest == 'abc30'
- spec = Spec('url-list-test @4.5').concretized()
- pkg = spack.repo.get(spec)
- fetch_strategy = from_list_url(pkg)
- assert isinstance(fetch_strategy, URLFetchStrategy)
- assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-4.5.tar.gz'
- assert fetch_strategy.digest == 'abc45'
+def test_from_list_url_unspecified(mock_packages, config):
+ """Test non-specific URLs from the url-list-test package."""
+ pkg = spack.repo.get('url-list-test')
- spec = Spec('url-list-test @2.0.0b2').concretized()
+ spec = Spec('url-list-test @2.0.0').concretized()
pkg = spack.repo.get(spec)
fetch_strategy = from_list_url(pkg)
assert isinstance(fetch_strategy, URLFetchStrategy)
- assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-2.0.0b2.tar.gz'
- assert fetch_strategy.digest == 'abc200b2'
+ assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-2.0.0.tar.gz'
+ assert fetch_strategy.digest is None
- spec = Spec('url-list-test @3.0a1').concretized()
- pkg = spack.repo.get(spec)
- fetch_strategy = from_list_url(pkg)
- assert isinstance(fetch_strategy, URLFetchStrategy)
- assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-3.0a1.tar.gz'
- assert fetch_strategy.digest == 'abc30a1'
- spec = Spec('url-list-test @4.5-rc5').concretized()
- pkg = spack.repo.get(spec)
- fetch_strategy = from_list_url(pkg)
- assert isinstance(fetch_strategy, URLFetchStrategy)
- assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-4.5-rc5.tar.gz'
- assert fetch_strategy.digest == 'abc45rc5'
+def test_nosource_from_list_url(mock_packages, config):
+ """This test confirms BundlePackages do not have list url."""
+ pkg = spack.repo.get('nosource')
- # this one is not in the url-list-test package.
- spec = Spec('url-list-test @2.0.0').concretized()
- pkg = spack.repo.get(spec)
fetch_strategy = from_list_url(pkg)
- assert isinstance(fetch_strategy, URLFetchStrategy)
- assert os.path.basename(fetch_strategy.url) == 'foo-2.0.0.tar.gz'
- assert fetch_strategy.digest is None
+ assert fetch_strategy is None
def test_hash_detection(checksum_type):
diff --git a/lib/spack/spack/version.py b/lib/spack/spack/version.py
index 286943119f..0bb5a767e7 100644
--- a/lib/spack/spack/version.py
+++ b/lib/spack/spack/version.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ from bisect import bisect_left
from functools import wraps
from six import string_types
+import spack.error
from spack.util.spack_yaml import syaml_dict
@@ -848,3 +849,11 @@ def ver(obj):
return obj
else:
raise TypeError("ver() can't convert %s to version!" % type(obj))
+
+
+class VersionError(spack.error.SpackError):
+ """This is raised when something is wrong with a version."""
+
+
+class VersionChecksumError(VersionError):
+ """Raised for version checksum errors."""
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/nosource-install/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/nosource-install/package.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ea8661d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/nosource-install/package.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2019 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+
+import os
+from spack import *
+from llnl.util.filesystem import touch
+
+
+class NosourceInstall(BundlePackage):
+ """Simple bundle package with one dependency and metadata 'install'."""
+
+ homepage = "http://www.example.com"
+
+ version('2.0')
+ version('1.0')
+
+ depends_on('dependency-install')
+
+ # The install phase must be specified.
+ phases = ['install']
+
+ # The install method must also be present.
+ def install(self, spec, prefix):
+ touch(os.path.join(self.prefix, 'install.txt'))
+
+ @run_after('install')
+ def post_install(self):
+ touch(os.path.join(self.prefix, 'post-install.txt'))
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/nosource/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/nosource/package.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82e82267b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/nosource/package.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2019 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+
+from spack import *
+
+
+class Nosource(BundlePackage):
+ """Simple bundle package with one dependency"""
+
+ homepage = "http://www.example.com"
+
+ version('1.0')
+
+ depends_on('dependency-install')
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/noversion-bundle/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/noversion-bundle/package.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de6400636d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/noversion-bundle/package.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2019 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+
+from spack import *
+
+
+class NoversionBundle(BundlePackage):
+ """
+ Simple bundle package with no version and one dependency, which
+ should be rejected for lack of a version.
+ """
+
+ homepage = "http://www.example.com"
+
+ depends_on('dependency-install')
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/noversion/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/noversion/package.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40889a6a11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin.mock/packages/noversion/package.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Copyright 2013-2019 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC and other
+# Spack Project Developers. See the top-level COPYRIGHT file for details.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+from spack import *
+
+
+class Noversion(Package):
+ """
+ Simple package with no version, which should be rejected since a version
+ is required.
+ """
+
+ homepage = "http://www.example.com"
+ url = "http://www.example.com/a-1.0.tar.gz"
+
+ def install(self, spec, prefix):
+ touch(join_path(prefix, 'an_installation_file'))
diff --git a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/xsdk/package.py b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/xsdk/package.py
index e6e3426f4d..8f1caa0a7c 100644
--- a/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/xsdk/package.py
+++ b/var/spack/repos/builtin/packages/xsdk/package.py
@@ -4,25 +4,23 @@
# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
-import os
from spack import *
-class Xsdk(Package):
+class Xsdk(BundlePackage):
"""Xsdk is a suite of Department of Energy (DOE) packages for numerical
simulation. This is a Spack bundle package that installs the xSDK
packages
"""
homepage = "http://xsdk.info"
- url = 'http://ftp.mcs.anl.gov/pub/petsc/externalpackages/xsdk.tar.gz'
maintainers = ['balay', 'luszczek']
- version('develop', 'a52dc710c744afa0b71429b8ec9425bc')
- version('0.4.0', 'a52dc710c744afa0b71429b8ec9425bc')
- version('0.3.0', 'a52dc710c744afa0b71429b8ec9425bc')
- version('xsdk-0.2.0', 'a52dc710c744afa0b71429b8ec9425bc')
+ version('develop')
+ version('0.4.0')
+ version('0.3.0')
+ version('xsdk-0.2.0')
variant('debug', default=False, description='Compile in debug mode')
variant('cuda', default=False, description='Enable CUDA dependent packages')
@@ -123,12 +121,3 @@ class Xsdk(Package):
# How do we propagate debug flag to all depends on packages ?
# If I just do spack install xsdk+debug will that propogate it down?
-
- # Dummy install for now, will be removed when metapackage is available
- def install(self, spec, prefix):
- # Prevent the error message
- # ==> Error: Install failed for xsdk. Nothing was installed!
- # ==> Error: Installation process had nonzero exit code : 256
- with open(os.path.join(spec.prefix, 'bundle-package.txt'), 'w') as out:
- out.write('This is a bundle\n')
- out.close()