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+.\"	$NetBSD: ps.1,v 1.109 2017/08/28 05:57:37 wiz Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)ps.1	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
+.\"
+.Dd August 28, 2017
+.Dt PS 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm ps
+.Nd process status
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl AaCcdehjlmrSsTuvwx
+.Op Fl k Ar key
+.Op Fl M Ar core
+.Op Fl N Ar system
+.Op Fl O Ar fmt
+.Op Fl o Ar fmt
+.Op Fl p Ar pid
+.Op Fl t Ar tty
+.Op Fl U Ar user
+.Op Fl W Ar swap
+.Nm
+.Fl L
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+displays a header line followed by lines containing information about
+running processes.
+By default, the display includes only processes that have
+controlling terminals and are owned by your uid.
+The default sort order of controlling terminal and
+(among processes with the same controlling terminal) process ID
+may be changed using the
+.Fl k , Fl m ,
+or
+.Fl r
+options.
+.Pp
+The information displayed for each process
+is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
+.Fl L ,
+.Fl O ,
+and
+.Fl o
+options).
+The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
+controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time),
+state, and associated command.
+.Pp
+The options are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width XNXsystemXX
+.It Fl A
+Display information about all processes.
+This is equivalent to
+.Fl a Fl x .
+.It Fl a
+Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
+Note that this does not display information about processes
+without controlling terminals.
+.It Fl C
+Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
+.Dq raw
+CPU calculation that ignores
+.Dq resident
+time (this normally has no effect).
+.It Fl c
+Do not display full command with arguments, but only the
+executable name.
+This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all
+.Xr sh 1
+scripts will show as
+.Dq sh .
+.It Fl d
+Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
+indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
+If either of the
+.Fl m
+and
+.Fl r
+options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
+relative to each other.
+.It Fl e
+Display the environment as well.
+The environment for other
+users' processes can only be displayed by the super-user.
+.It Fl h
+Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
+header per page of information.
+.It Fl j
+Print information associated with the following keywords:
+.Ar user , pid , ppid , pgid , sess , jobc , state , tt , time ,
+and
+.Ar command .
+.It Fl k Ar key
+Sort the output using the space or comma separated list of keywords.
+Multiple sort keys may be specified, using any of the
+.Fl k , Fl m ,
+or
+.Fl r
+options.
+The default sort order is equivalent to
+.Fl k Ar tdev,pid .
+.It Fl L
+List the set of available keywords.
+.It Fl l
+Display information associated with the following keywords:
+.Ar uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , wchan , state ,
+.Ar tt , time ,
+and
+.Ar command .
+.It Fl M Ar core
+Extract values from the specified core file instead of the running system.
+.It Fl m
+Sort by memory usage.
+This is equivalent to
+.Fl k Ar vsz .
+.It Fl N Ar system
+Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
+.Dq Pa /netbsd .
+Ignored unless
+.Fl M
+is specified.
+.It Fl O Ar fmt
+Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
+of keywords specified.
+The
+.Fl O
+option does not suppress the default display;
+it inserts additional keywords just after the
+.Ar pid
+keyword in the default display, or after the
+.Ar pid
+keyword (if any) in a non-default display specified before the
+first use of the
+.Fl O
+flag.
+Keywords inserted by multiple
+.Fl O
+options will be adjacent.
+.Pp
+An equals sign
+.Pq Dq \&=
+followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword,
+as described in more detail under the
+.Fl o
+option.
+.It Fl o Ar fmt
+Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
+of keywords specified.
+Use of the
+.Fl o
+option suppresses the set of keywords that would be displayed by default,
+or appends to the set of keywords specified by other options.
+.Pp
+An equals sign
+.Pq Dq \&=
+followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword.
+This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
+the default header associated with the keyword.
+.Pp
+Everything after the first equals sign is part of the customised
+header text, and this may include embedded spaces
+.Pq Dq " " ,
+commas
+.Pq Dq \&, ,
+or equals signs
+.Pq Dq \&= .
+To specify multiple keywords with customised headers, use multiple
+.Fl o
+or
+.Fl O
+options.
+.Pp
+If all the keywords to be displayed have customised headers,
+and all the customised headers are entirely empty,
+then the header line is not printed at all.
+.It Fl p Ar pid
+Display information associated with the specified process ID.
+.It Fl r
+Sort by current CPU usage.
+This is equivalent to
+.Fl k Ar %cpu .
+.It Fl S
+Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
+children to their parent process.
+.It Fl s
+Display one line for each LWP, rather than one line for each process,
+and display information associated with the following keywords:
+.Ar uid , pid , ppid , cpu , lid , nlwp , pri , nice , vsz , rss ,
+.Ar wchan , lstate , tt , time ,
+and
+.Ar command .
+.It Fl T
+Display information about processes attached to the device associated
+with the standard input.
+.It Fl t Ar tty
+Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
+device.
+Use a question mark
+.Pq Dq \&?
+for processes not attached to a
+terminal device and a minus sign
+.Pq Dq -
+for processes that have
+been revoked from their terminal device.
+.It Fl U Ar user
+Display processes belonging to the specified user,
+given either as a user name or a uid.
+.It Fl u
+Display information associated with the following keywords:
+.Ar user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
+and
+.Ar command .
+The
+.Fl u
+option implies the
+.Fl r
+option.
+.It Fl v
+Display information associated with the following keywords:
+.Ar pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
+.Ar %cpu , %mem ,
+and
+.Ar command .
+The
+.Fl v
+option implies the
+.Fl m
+option.
+.It Fl W Ar swap
+Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the default,
+.Dq Pa /dev/drum .
+Ignored unless
+.Fl M
+is specified.
+.It Fl w
+Use 132 columns to display information instead of the default, which
+is your window size.
+If the
+.Fl w
+option is specified more than once,
+.Nm
+will use as many columns as necessary without regard to your window size.
+.It Fl x
+Also display information about processes without controlling terminals.
+.El
+.Pp
+A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
+Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Ar %cpu
+The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
+a minute of previous (real) time.
+Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
+be very young) it is possible for the sum of all %CPU fields to exceed 100%.
+.It Ar %mem
+The percentage of real memory used by this process.
+.It Ar flags
+The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in
+the include file
+.In sys/proc.h :
+.Bl -column P_NOCLDSTOP P_NOCLDSTOP compact
+.It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00000001	process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
+.It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00000002	process has a controlling terminal"
+.It Dv "P_NOCLDSTOP" Ta No "0x00000008	no" Dv SIGCHLD No when children stop
+.It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00000010	parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
+.It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00000020	process has started profiling"
+.It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x00000040	selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
+.It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x00000080	sleep is interruptible"
+.It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00000100	process had set id privileges since last exec"
+.It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00000200	system process: no sigs or stats"
+.It Dv "P_TIMEOUT" Ta No "0x00000400	timing out during sleep"
+.It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00000800	process is being traced"
+.It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x00001000	debugging process has waited for child"
+.It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x00002000	working on exiting"
+.It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x00004000	process called" Xr execve 2
+.It Dv "P_OWEUPC" Ta No "0x00008000	owe process an addupc() call at next ast"
+.\" the routine addupc is not documented in the man pages
+.It Dv "P_NOCLDWAIT" Ta No "0x00020000	no zombies when children die"
+.It Dv "P_32" Ta No "0x00040000	32-bit process (used on 64-bit kernels)"
+.It Dv "P_BIGLOCK" Ta No "0x00080000	process needs kernel ``big lock'' to run"
+.It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x00100000	process is exec'ing and cannot be traced"
+.El
+.It Ar lim
+The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
+.Xr setrlimit 2 .
+.It Ar lstart
+The exact time the command started, using the
+.Dq \&%c
+format described in
+.Xr strftime 3 .
+.It Ar nice
+The process scheduling increment (see
+.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
+.It Ar rss
+the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
+.It Ar start
+The time the command started.
+If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
+displayed using the
+.Dq %l:%M%p
+format described in
+.Xr strftime 3 .
+If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
+displayed using the
+.Dq %a%p
+format.
+Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
+.Dq %e%b%y
+format.
+.It Ar state
+The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
+.Dq RNs .
+The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
+.It D
+Marks a process in device or other short term, uninterruptible wait.
+.It I
+Marks a process that is idle (sleeping interruptibly for longer than about
+.Dv MAXSLP
+(default 20) seconds).
+.It O
+Marks a process running on a processor.
+.It R
+Marks a runnable process, or one that is in the process of creation.
+.It S
+Marks a process that is sleeping interruptibly for less than about
+.Dv MAXSLP
+(default 20) seconds.
+.It T
+Marks a stopped process.
+.It U
+Marks a suspended process.
+.It Z
+Marks a dead process that has exited, but not been waited for (a
+.Dq zombie ) .
+.El
+.Pp
+Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
+information:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
+.It +
+The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
+.It -
+The LWP is detached (can't be waited for).
+.It <
+The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
+.It a
+The process is using scheduler activations (deprecated).
+.It E
+The process is in the process of exiting.
+.It K
+The process is a kernel thread or system process.
+.It l
+The process has multiple LWPs.
+.It N
+The process is niced (has reduced CPU scheduling priority) (see
+.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
+.It s
+The process is a session leader.
+.It V
+The process is suspended during a
+.Xr vfork 2 .
+.It X
+The process is being traced or debugged.
+.El
+.It Ar tt
+An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
+The abbreviation consists of the two letters following
+.Dq Pa /dev/tty
+or, for the console,
+.Dq co .
+This is followed by a
+.Dq \&-
+if the process can no longer reach that
+controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
+.It Ar wchan
+The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
+When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
+trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
+as 324000.
+.El
+.Pp
+When printing using the
+.Ar command
+keyword, a process that has exited and has a parent that has not yet
+waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) is listed as
+.Dq Aq defunct ,
+and a process which is blocked while trying to exit is listed as
+.Dq Aq exiting .
+.Pp
+.Nm
+will try to locate the processes' argument vector from the user
+area in order to print the command name and arguments.
+This method is not reliable because a process is allowed to destroy this
+information.
+The
+.Ar ucomm
+(accounting) keyword will always contain the real command name as
+contained in the process structure's
+.Va p_comm
+field.
+.Pp
+If the command vector cannot be located (usually because it has not
+been set, as is the case of system processes and/or kernel threads)
+the command name is printed within square brackets.
+.Pp
+To indicate that the argument vector has been tampered with,
+.Nm
+will append the real command name to the output within parentheses
+if the basename of the first argument in the argument vector
+does not match the contents of the real command name.
+.Pp
+In addition,
+.Nm
+checks for the following two situations and does not append the
+real command name parenthesized:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It -shellname
+The login process traditionally adds a
+.Sq -
+in front of the shell name to indicate a login shell.
+.Nm
+will not append parenthesized the command name if it matches with
+the name in the first argument of the argument vector, skipping
+the leading
+.Sq - .
+.It daemonname: current-activity
+Daemon processes frequently report their current activity by setting
+their name to be like
+.Dq daemonname: current-activity .
+.Nm
+will not append parenthesized the command name, if the string preceding the
+.Sq \&:
+in the first argument of the argument vector matches the command name.
+.El
+.Sh KEYWORDS
+The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
+meanings.
+Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width groupnames -compact
+.It Ar %cpu
+percentage CPU usage (alias
+.Ar pcpu )
+.It Ar %mem
+percentage memory usage (alias
+.Ar pmem )
+.It Ar acflag
+accounting flag (alias
+.Ar acflg )
+.It Ar comm
+command (the argv[0] value)
+.It Ar command
+command and arguments (alias
+.Ar args )
+.It Ar cpu
+short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
+.It Ar cpuid
+CPU number the current process or lwp is running on.
+.It Ar ctime
+accumulated CPU time of all children that have exited
+.It Ar egid
+effective group id
+.It Ar egroup
+group name (from egid)
+.It Ar emul
+emulation name
+.It Ar etime
+elapsed time since the process was started, in the form
+.Li [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss
+.It Ar euid
+effective user id
+.It Ar euser
+user name (from euid)
+.It Ar flags
+the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
+.Ar f )
+.It Ar gid
+effective group id
+.It Ar group
+group name (from gid)
+.It Ar groupnames
+group names (from group access list)
+.It Ar groups
+group access list
+.It Ar inblk
+total blocks read (alias
+.Ar inblock )
+.It Ar jobc
+job control count
+.It Ar ktrace
+tracing flags
+.It Ar ktracep
+tracing vnode
+.It Ar laddr
+kernel virtual address of the
+.Ft "struct lwp"
+belonging to the LWP.
+.It Ar lid
+ID of the LWP
+.It Ar lim
+memory use limit
+.It Ar lname
+descriptive name of the LWP
+.It Ar logname
+login name of user who started the process (alias
+.Ar login )
+.It Ar lstart
+time started
+.It Ar lstate
+symbolic LWP state
+.It Ar ltime
+CPU time of the LWP
+.It Ar majflt
+total page faults
+.It Ar minflt
+total page reclaims
+.It Ar msgrcv
+total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
+.It Ar msgsnd
+total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
+.It Ar nice
+nice value (alias
+.Ar ni )
+.It Ar nivcsw
+total involuntary context switches
+.It Ar nlwp
+number of LWPs in the process
+.It Ar nsigs
+total signals taken (alias
+.Ar nsignals )
+.It Ar nvcsw
+total voluntary context switches
+.It Ar nwchan
+wait channel (as an address)
+.It Ar oublk
+total blocks written (alias
+.Ar oublock )
+.It Ar p_ru
+resource usage pointer (valid only for zombie)
+.It Ar paddr
+kernel virtual address of the
+.Ft "struct proc"
+belonging to the process.
+.It Ar pagein
+pageins (same as majflt)
+.It Ar pgid
+process group number
+.It Ar pid
+process ID
+.It Ar ppid
+parent process ID
+.It Ar pri
+scheduling priority
+.It Ar re
+core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
+.It Ar rgid
+real group ID
+.It Ar rlink
+reverse link on run queue, or 0
+.It Ar rlwp
+number of LWPs on a processor or run queue
+.It Ar rss
+resident set size
+.It Ar rsz
+resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias
+.Ar rssize )
+.It Ar ruid
+real user ID
+.It Ar ruser
+user name (from ruid)
+.It Ar sess
+session pointer
+.It Ar sid
+session ID
+.It Ar sig
+pending signals (alias
+.Ar pending )
+.It Ar sigcatch
+caught signals (alias
+.Ar caught )
+.It Ar sigignore
+ignored signals (alias
+.Ar ignored )
+.It Ar sigmask
+blocked signals (alias
+.Ar blocked )
+.It Ar sl
+sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
+.It Ar start
+time started
+.It Ar state
+symbolic process state (alias
+.Ar stat )
+.It Ar stime
+accumulated system CPU time
+.It Ar svgid
+saved gid from a setgid executable
+.It Ar svgroup
+group name (from svgid)
+.It Ar svuid
+saved uid from a setuid executable
+.It Ar svuser
+user name (from svuid)
+.It Ar tdev
+control terminal device number
+.It Ar time
+accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
+.Ar cputime )
+.It Ar tpgid
+control terminal process group ID
+.It Ar tsess
+control terminal session pointer
+.It Ar tsiz
+text size (in Kbytes)
+.It Ar tt
+control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
+.It Ar tty
+full name of control terminal
+.It Ar uaddr
+kernel virtual address of the
+.Ft "struct user"
+belonging to the LWP.
+.It Ar ucomm
+name to be used for accounting
+.It Ar uid
+effective user ID
+.It Ar upr
+scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
+.Ar usrpri )
+.It Ar user
+user name (from uid)
+.It Ar utime
+accumulated user CPU time
+.It Ar vsz
+virtual size in Kbytes (alias
+.Ar vsize )
+.It Ar wchan
+wait channel (as a symbolic name)
+.It Ar xstat
+exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
+.El
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width /var/run/kvm.db -compact
+.It Pa /dev
+special files and device names
+.It Pa /dev/drum
+default swap device
+.It Pa /var/run/dev.cdb
+/dev name database
+.It Pa /var/db/kvm.db
+system name list database
+.It Pa /netbsd
+default system name list
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr kill 1 ,
+.Xr pgrep 1 ,
+.Xr pkill 1 ,
+.Xr sh 1 ,
+.Xr w 1 ,
+.Xr kvm 3 ,
+.Xr strftime 3 ,
+.Xr dev_mkdb 8 ,
+.Xr pstat 8
+.Sh HISTORY
+A
+.Nm
+utility appeared in
+.At v3
+in section 8 of the manual.
+.Sh BUGS
+Since
+.Nm
+cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
+process, the information it displays can never be exact.