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diff --git a/bin/ed/ed.1 b/bin/ed/ed.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..025dab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/bin/ed/ed.1 @@ -0,0 +1,979 @@ +.\" $NetBSD: ed.1,v 1.35 2018/04/09 06:57:01 wiz Exp $ +.\" $OpenBSD: ed.1,v 1.42 2003/07/27 13:25:43 jmc Exp $ +.\" +.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Andrew Moore, Talke Studio. +.\" All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.Dd April 5, 2018 +.Dt ED 1 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm ed +.Nd text editor +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Op Fl +.Op Fl ESsx +.Op Fl p Ar string +.Op Ar file +.Sh DESCRIPTION +.Nm +is a line-oriented text editor. +It is used to create, display, modify, and otherwise manipulate text files. +If invoked with a +.Ar file +argument, then a copy of +.Ar file +is read into the editor's buffer. +Changes are made to this copy and not directly to +.Ar file +itself. +Upon quitting +.Nm , +any changes not explicitly saved with a +.Ic w +command are lost. +.Pp +Editing is done in two distinct modes: +.Em command +and +.Em input . +When first invoked, +.Nm +is in command mode. +In this mode, commands are read from the standard input and +executed to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer. +.Pp +A typical command might look like: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +,s/old/new/g +.Ed +.Pp +which replaces all occurrences of the string +.Pa old +with +.Pa new . +.Pp +When an input command, such as +.Ic a +(append), +.Ic i +(insert), +or +.Ic c +(change) is given, +.Nm +enters input mode. +This is the primary means of adding text to a file. +In this mode, no commands are available; +instead, the standard input is written directly to the editor buffer. +Lines consist of text up to and including a newline character. +Input mode is terminated by entering a single period +.Pq Ql \&. +on a line. +.Pp +All +.Nm +commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines; e.g., +the +.Ic d +command deletes lines; the +.Ic m +command moves lines, and so on. +It is possible to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement, +as in the example above. +However, even here, the +.Ic s +command is applied to whole lines at a time. +.Pp +In general, +.Nm +commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a single +character command and possibly additional parameters; i.e., +commands have the structure: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +[address [,address]]command[parameters] +.Ed +.Pp +The address(es) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by the +command. +If fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, then +default addresses are supplied. +.Pp +The options are as follows: +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl +Same as the +.Fl s +option (deprecated). +.It Fl E +Enables the use of extended regular expressions instead of the basic +regular expressions that are normally used. +.It Fl p Ar string +Specifies a command prompt. +This may be toggled on and off with the +.Ic P +command. +.It Fl S +Disables using of the +.Ic \&! +command (executing a subshell). +Intended to be used by batch jobs like +.Xr patch 1 . +.It Fl s +Suppress diagnostics. +This should be used if +.Nm +standard input is from a script. +.It Fl x +Prompt for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes +(see the +.Ic x +command). +.It Ar file +Specifies the name of a file to read. +If +.Ar file +is prefixed with a +bang +.Pq Ql \&! , +then it is interpreted as a shell command. +In this case, what is read is the standard output of +.Ar file +executed via +.Xr sh 1 . +To read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the +name with a backslash +.Pq Ql \e . +The default filename is set to +.Ar file +only if it is not prefixed with a bang. +.El +.Ss LINE ADDRESSING +An address represents the number of a line in the buffer. +.Nm +maintains a +.Em current address +which is typically supplied to commands as the default address +when none is specified. +When a file is first read, the current address is set to the last line +of the file. +In general, the current address is set to the last line affected by a command. +.Pp +A line address is +constructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followed +by a numeric offset. +The offset may include any combination of digits, operators (i.e., +.Sq + , +.Sq - , +and +.Sq ^ ) , +and whitespace. +Addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computed +relative to the current address. +.Pp +One exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the +address +.Em 0 +(zero). +This means +.Dq before the first line , +and is legal wherever it makes sense. +.Pp +An address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or semi-colon. +The value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the +value of the second. +If only one address is given in a range, +then the second address is set to the given address. +If an +.Em n Ns No -tuple +of addresses is given where +.Em n > 2 , +then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses in the +.Em n Ns No -tuple. +If only one address is expected, then the last address is used. +.Pp +Each address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted relative to the +current address. +In a semi-colon-delimited range, the first address is +used to set the current address, and the second address is interpreted +relative to the first. +.Pp +The following address symbols are recognized: +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Em \&. +The current line (address) in the buffer. +.It Em $ +The last line in the buffer. +.It Em n +The +.Em n Ns No th +line in the buffer where +.Em n +is a number in the range +.Em [0,$] . +.It Em - No or Em ^ +The previous line. +This is equivalent to +.Em -1 +and may be repeated with cumulative effect. +.It Em -n No or Em ^n +The +.Em n Ns No th +previous line, where +.Em n +is a non-negative number. +.It Em + +The next line. +This is equivalent to +.Em +1 +and may be repeated with cumulative effect. +.It Em +n +The +.Em n Ns No th +next line, where +.Em n +is a non-negative number. +.It Em whitespace Em n +.Em whitespace +followed by a number +.Em n +is interpreted as +.Sq Em +n . +.It Em \&, No or Em % +The first through last lines in the buffer. +This is equivalent to the address range +.Em 1,$ . +.It Em \&; +The current through last lines in the buffer. +This is equivalent to the address range +.Em .,$ . +.It Em / Ns Ar re Ns Em / +The next line containing the regular expression +.Ar re . +The search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the +current line, if necessary. +.Em // +repeats the last search. +.It Em \&? Ns Ar re Ns Em \&? +The previous line containing the regular expression +.Ar re . +The search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the +current line, if necessary. +.Em ?? +repeats the last search. +.It Em \&\' Ns Ar lc +The line previously marked by a +.Ic k +(mark) command, where +.Ar lc +is a lower case letter. +.El +.Ss REGULAR EXPRESSIONS +Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text. +For example, the +.Nm +command +.Bd -literal -offset indent +g/string/ +.Ed +.Pp +prints all lines containing +.Em string . +Regular expressions are also used by the +.Ic s +command for selecting old text to be replaced with new. +.Pp +In addition to specifying string literals, regular expressions can +represent classes of strings. +Strings thus represented are said to be matched by the +corresponding regular expression. +If it is possible for a regular expression to match several strings in +a line, then the leftmost longest match is the one selected. +.Pp +The following symbols are used in constructing regular expressions: +.Bl -tag -width Dsasdfsd +.It Em c +Any character +.Em c +not listed below, including +.Sq { , +.Sq } , +.Sq \&( , +.Sq \&) , +.Sq < , +and +.Sq > +matches itself. +.It Em \ec +Any backslash-escaped character +.Em c , +except for +.Sq { , +.Sq } , +.Sq \&( , +.Sq \&) , +.Sq < , +and +.Sq > +matches itself. +.It Em \&. +Matches any single character. +.It Em [char-class] +Matches any single character in the character class +.Em char-class . +See +.Sx CHARACTER CLASSES +below for further information. +.It Em [^char-class] +Matches any single character, other than newline, not in the +character class +.Em char-class . +.It Em ^ +If +.Em ^ +is the first character of a regular expression, then it +anchors the regular expression to the beginning of a line. +Otherwise, it matches itself. +.It Em $ +If +.Em $ +is the last character of a regular expression, +it anchors the regular expression to the end of a line. +Otherwise, it matches itself. +.It Em \e< +Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression +immediately following it to the beginning of a word. +(This may not be available.) +.It Em \e> +Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression +immediately following it to the end of a word. +(This may not be available.) +.It Em \e( Ns Ar re Ns Em \e) +Defines a subexpression +.Ar re . +Subexpressions may be nested. +A subsequent backreference of the form +.Em \en , +where +.Em n +is a number in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by the +.Em n Ns No th +subexpression. +For example, the regular expression +.Em \e(.*\e)\e1 +matches any string consisting of identical adjacent substrings. +Subexpressions are ordered relative to their left delimiter. +.It Em * +Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression +immediately preceding it zero or more times. +If +.Em * +is the first character of a regular expression or subexpression, +then it matches itself. +The +.Em * +operator sometimes yields unexpected results. +For example, the regular expression +.Em b* +matches the beginning of the string +.Em abbb +(as opposed to the substring +.Em bbb ) , +since a null match is the only leftmost match. +.Sm off +.It Em \e{ No n,m Em \e}\ \e{ No n, Em \e}\ \& Em \e{ No n Em \e} +.Sm on +Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression +immediately preceding it at least +.Em n +and at most +.Em m +times. +If +.Em m +is omitted, then it matches at least +.Em n +times. +If the comma is also omitted, then it matches exactly +.Em n +times. +.El +.Pp +Additional regular expression operators may be defined depending on the +particular +.Xr regex 3 +implementation. +.Ss CHARACTER CLASSES +A character class specifies a set of characters. +It is written within square brackets +.Pq [] +and in its most basic form contains just the characters in the set. +.Pp +To include a +.Sq \&] +in a character class, it must be the first character. +A range of characters may be specified by separating the end characters +of the range with a +.Sq \&- , +e.g., +.Sq a-z +specifies the lower case characters. +.Pp +The following literals can also be used within character classes as +shorthand for particular sets of characters: +.Bl -tag -offset indent -compact -width [:blahblah:] +.It [:alnum:] +Alphanumeric characters. +.It [:cntrl:] +Control characters. +.It [:lower:] +Lowercase alphabetic characters. +.It [:space:] +Whitespace (space, tab, newline, form feed, etc.) +.It [:alpha:] +Alphabetic characters. +.It [:digit:] +Numeric characters (digits). +.It [:print:] +Printable characters. +.It [:upper:] +Uppercase alphabetic characters. +.It [:blank:] +Blank characters (space and tab). +.It [:graph:] +Graphical characters (printing nonblank characters). +.It [:punct:] +Punctuation characters. +.It [:xdigit:] +Hexadecimal digits. +.El +If +.Sq \&- +appears as the first or last character of a character class, then +it matches itself. +All other characters in a character class match themselves. +.Pp +Patterns in +a character class +of the form +.Em [.col-elm.] +or +.Em [=col-elm=] +where +.Em col-elm +is a +.Em collating element +are interpreted according to the locale +.\" .Xr locale 5 +(not currently supported). +See +.Xr regex 3 +for an explanation of these constructs. +.Ss COMMANDS +All +.Nm +commands are single characters, though some require additional parameters. +If a command's parameters extend over several lines, then +each line except for the last must be terminated with a backslash +.Pq Ql \e . +.Pp +In general, at most one command is allowed per line. +However, most commands accept a print suffix, which is any of +.Ic p +(print), +.Ic l +(list), +or +.Ic n +(enumerate), to print the last line affected by the command. +.Pp +An interrupt (typically ^C) has the effect of aborting the current command +and returning the editor to command mode. +.Pp +.Nm +recognizes the following commands. +The commands are shown together with +the default address or address range supplied if none is +specified (in parentheses), and other possible arguments on the right. +.Bl -tag -width Dxxs +.It (.) Ns Ic a +Appends text to the buffer after the addressed line. +Text is entered in input mode. +The current address is set to last line entered. +.It (.,.) Ns Ic c +Changes lines in the buffer. +The addressed lines are deleted from the buffer, +and text is appended in their place. +Text is entered in input mode. +The current address is set to last line entered. +.It (.,.) Ns Ic d +Deletes the addressed lines from the buffer. +If there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is set +to this line. +Otherwise the current address is set to the line before the deleted range. +.It Ic e Ar file +Edits +.Ar file , +and sets the default filename. +If +.Ar file +is not specified, then the default filename is used. +Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the new file is read. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It Ic e Ar !command +Edits the standard output of +.Ar command , +(see +.Ic \&! Ar command +below). +The default filename is unchanged. +Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of +.Em command +is read. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It Ic E Ar file +Edits +.Ar file +unconditionally. +This is similar to the +.Ic e +command, except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It Ic f Ar file +Sets the default filename to +.Ar file . +If +.Ar file +is not specified, then the default unescaped filename is printed. +.It (1,$) Ns Ic g Ns Ar /re/command-list +Applies +.Ar command-list +to each of the addressed lines matching a regular expression +.Ar re . +The current address is set to the line currently matched before +.Ar command-list +is executed. +At the end of the +.Ic g +command, the current address is set to the last line affected by +.Ar command-list . +.Pp +Each command in +.Ar command-list +must be on a separate line, +and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash +.Pq Sq \e . +Any commands are allowed, except for +.Ic g , +.Ic G , +.Ic v , +and +.Ic V . +A newline alone in +.Ar command-list +is equivalent to a +.Ic p +command. +.It (1,$) Ns Ic G Ns Ar /re/ +Interactively edits the addressed lines matching a regular expression +.Ar re . +For each matching line, the line is printed, the current address is set, +and the user is prompted to enter a +.Ar command-list . +At the end of the +.Ic G +command, the current address is set to the last line affected by (the last) +.Ar command-list . +.Pp +The format of +.Ar command-list +is the same as that of the +.Ic g +command. +A newline alone acts as a null command list. +A single +.Sq & +repeats the last non-null command list. +.It Ic H +Toggles the printing of error explanations. +By default, explanations are not printed. +It is recommended that +.Nm +scripts begin with this command to aid in debugging. +.It Ic h +Prints an explanation of the last error. +.It (.) Ns Ic i +Inserts text in the buffer before the current line. +Text is entered in input mode. +The current address is set to the last line entered. +.It (.,.+1) Ns Ic j +Joins the addressed lines. +The addressed lines are deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single +line containing their joined text. +The current address is set to the resultant line. +.It (.) Ns Ic k Ns Ar lc +Marks a line with a lower case letter +.Ar lc . +The line can then be addressed as +.Ar \&'lc +(i.e., a single quote followed by +.Ar lc ) +in subsequent commands. +The mark is not cleared until the line is deleted or otherwise modified. +.It (.,.) Ns Ic l +Prints the addressed lines unambiguously. +If a single line fills more than one screen (as might be the case +when viewing a binary file, for instance), a +.Dq --More-- +prompt is printed on the last line. +.Nm +waits until the RETURN key is pressed before displaying the next screen. +The current address is set to the last line printed. +.It (.,.) Ns Ic m Ns No (.) +Moves lines in the buffer. +The addressed lines are moved to after the +right-hand destination address, which may be the address +.Em 0 +(zero). +The current address is set to the last line moved. +.It (.,.) Ns Ic n +Prints the addressed lines along with their line numbers. +The current address is set to the last line printed. +.It (.,.) Ns Ic p +Prints the addressed lines. +The current address is set to the last line printed. +.It Ic P +Toggles the command prompt on and off. +Unless a prompt was specified with the command-line option +.Fl p Ar string , +the command prompt is by default turned off. +.It Ic q +Quits +.Nm . +.It Ic Q +Quits +.Nm +unconditionally. +This is similar to the +.Ic q +command, except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. +.It ($) Ns Ic r Ar file +Reads +.Ar file +to after the addressed line. +If +.Ar file +is not specified, then the default filename is used. +If there was no default filename prior to the command, +then the default filename is set to +.Ar file . +Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.It ($) Ns Ic r Ar !command +Reads to after the addressed line the standard output of +.Ar command , +(see the +.Ic \&! +command below). +The default filename is unchanged. +The current address is set to the last line read. +.Sm off +.It (.,.) Ic s Ar /re/replacement/ , \ (.,.) \ +Ic s Ar /re/replacement/ Em g , Ar \ (.,.) \ +Ic s Ar /re/replacement/ Em n +.Sm on +Replaces text in the addressed lines matching a regular expression +.Ar re +with +.Ar replacement . +By default, only the first match in each line is replaced. +If the +.Em g +(global) suffix is given, then every match to be replaced. +The +.Em n +suffix, where +.Em n +is a positive number, causes only the +.Em n Ns No th +match to be replaced. +It is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed +lines. +The current address is set the last line affected. +.Pp +.Ar re +and +.Ar replacement +may be delimited by any character other than space and newline +(see the +.Ic s +command below). +If one or two of the last delimiters is omitted, then the last line +affected is printed as though the print suffix +.Em p +were specified. +.Pp +An unescaped +.Ql & +in +.Ar replacement +is replaced by the currently matched text. +The character sequence +.Em \em , +where +.Em m +is a number in the range [1,9], is replaced by the +.Em m Ns No th +backreference expression of the matched text. +If +.Ar replacement +consists of a single +.Ql % , +then +.Ar replacement +from the last substitution is used. +Newlines may be embedded in +.Ar replacement +if they are escaped with a backslash +.Pq Ql \e . +.It (.,.) Ns Ic s +Repeats the last substitution. +This form of the +.Ic s +command accepts a count suffix +.Em n , +or any combination of the characters +.Em r , +.Em g , +and +.Em p . +If a count suffix +.Em n +is given, then only the +.Em n Ns No th +match is replaced. +The +.Em r +suffix causes +the regular expression of the last search to be used instead of +that of the last substitution. +The +.Em g +suffix toggles the global suffix of the last substitution. +The +.Em p +suffix toggles the print suffix of the last substitution. +The current address is set to the last line affected. +.It (.,.) Ns Ic t Ns No (.) +Copies (i.e., transfers) the addressed lines to after the right-hand +destination address, which may be the address +.Em 0 +(zero). +The current address is set to the last line copied. +.It Ic u +Undoes the last command and restores the current address +to what it was before the command. +The global commands +.Ic g , +.Ic G , +.Ic v , +and +.Ic V +are treated as a single command by undo. +.Ic u +is its own inverse. +.It (1,$) Ns Ic v Ns Ar /re/command-list +Applies +.Ar command-list +to each of the addressed lines not matching a regular expression +.Ar re . +This is similar to the +.Ic g +command. +.It (1,$) Ns Ic V Ns Ar /re/ +Interactively edits the addressed lines not matching a regular expression +.Ar re . +This is similar to the +.Ic G +command. +.It (1,$) Ns Ic w Ar file +Writes the addressed lines to +.Ar file . +Any previous contents of +.Ar file +are lost without warning. +If there is no default filename, then the default filename is set to +.Ar file , +otherwise it is unchanged. +If no filename is specified, then the default filename is used. +The current address is unchanged. +.It (1,$) Ns Ic wq Ar file +Writes the addressed lines to +.Ar file , +and then executes a +.Ic q +command. +.It (1,$) Ns Ic w Ar !command +Writes the addressed lines to the standard input of +.Ar command , +(see the +.Ic \&! +command below). +The default filename and current address are unchanged. +.It (1,$) Ns Ic W Ar file +Appends the addressed lines to the end of +.Ar file . +This is similar to the +.Ic w +command, except that the previous contents of file are not clobbered. +The current address is unchanged. +.It Ic x +Prompts for an encryption key which is used in subsequent reads and writes. +If a newline alone is entered as the key, then encryption is turned off. +Otherwise, echoing is disabled while a key is read. +Encryption/decryption is done using the +.Xr bdes 1 +algorithm. +.It (.+1) Ns Ic z Ns Ar n +Scrolls +.Ar n +lines at a time starting at addressed line. +If +.Ar n +is not specified, then the current window size is used. +The current address is set to the last line printed. +.It ($) Ns Ic = +Prints the line number of the addressed line. +.It (.+1) Ns Ic newline +Prints the addressed line, and sets the current address to that line. +.It Ic \&! Ns Ar command +Executes +.Ar command +via +.Xr sh 1 . +If the first character of +.Ar command +is +.Ic \&! , +then it is replaced by text of the previous +.Ic !command . +.Nm +does not process +.Ar command +for +.Sq \e +(backslash) escapes. +However, an unescaped +.Sq % +is replaced by the default filename. +When the shell returns from execution, a +.Sq \&! +is printed to the standard output. +The current line is unchanged. +.El +.Sh LIMITATIONS +.Nm +processes +.Em file +arguments for backslash escapes, i.e., in a filename, +any characters preceded by a backslash +.Pq Ql \e +are interpreted literally. +.Pp +If a text (non-binary) file is not terminated by a newline character, +then +.Nm +appends one on reading/writing it. +In the case of a binary file, +.Nm +does not append a newline on reading/writing. +.Sh ENVIRONMENT +.Bl -tag -width iTMPDIR +.It Ev TMPDIR +The location used to store temporary files. +.El +.Sh FILES +.Bl -tag -width /tmp/ed.* -compact +.It Pa /tmp/ed.* +buffer file +.It Pa ed.hup +where +.Nm +attempts to write the buffer if the terminal hangs up +.El +.Sh DIAGNOSTICS +When an error occurs, +.Nm +prints a +.Dq \&? +and either returns to command mode or exits if its input is from a script. +An explanation of the last error can be printed with the +.Ic h +(help) command. +.Pp +Since the +.Ic g +(global) command masks any errors from failed searches and substitutions, +it can be used to perform conditional operations in scripts; e.g., +.Bd -literal -offset indent +g/old/s//new/ +.Ed +.Pp +replaces any occurrences of +.Em old +with +.Em new . +.Pp +If the +.Ic u +(undo) command occurs in a global command list, then +the command list is executed only once. +.Pp +If diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit +.Nm +or edit another file before writing a modified buffer results in an error. +If the command is entered a second time, it succeeds, +but any changes to the buffer are lost. +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr bdes 1 , +.Xr patch 1 , +.Xr sed 1 , +.Xr sh 1 , +.Xr vi 1 , +.Xr regex 3 +.Pp +USD:09-10 +.Rs +.%A B. W. Kernighan +.%A P. J. Plauger +.%B Software Tools in Pascal +.%I Addison-Wesley +.%D 1981 +.Re +.Sh HISTORY +An +.Nm +command appeared in +.At v1 . |