summaryrefslogblamecommitdiff
path: root/bin/ps/ps.1
blob: 635ec3b3f8d017fe47b7923da5ad5183505a15af (plain) (tree)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706

































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































                                                                                      
.\"	$NetBSD: ps.1,v 1.109 2017/08/28 05:57:37 wiz Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)ps.1	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
.\"
.Dd August 28, 2017
.Dt PS 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ps
.Nd process status
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl AaCcdehjlmrSsTuvwx
.Op Fl k Ar key
.Op Fl M Ar core
.Op Fl N Ar system
.Op Fl O Ar fmt
.Op Fl o Ar fmt
.Op Fl p Ar pid
.Op Fl t Ar tty
.Op Fl U Ar user
.Op Fl W Ar swap
.Nm
.Fl L
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm
displays a header line followed by lines containing information about
running processes.
By default, the display includes only processes that have
controlling terminals and are owned by your uid.
The default sort order of controlling terminal and
(among processes with the same controlling terminal) process ID
may be changed using the
.Fl k , Fl m ,
or
.Fl r
options.
.Pp
The information displayed for each process
is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
.Fl L ,
.Fl O ,
and
.Fl o
options).
The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time),
state, and associated command.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width XNXsystemXX
.It Fl A
Display information about all processes.
This is equivalent to
.Fl a Fl x .
.It Fl a
Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
Note that this does not display information about processes
without controlling terminals.
.It Fl C
Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
.Dq raw
CPU calculation that ignores
.Dq resident
time (this normally has no effect).
.It Fl c
Do not display full command with arguments, but only the
executable name.
This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all
.Xr sh 1
scripts will show as
.Dq sh .
.It Fl d
Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
If either of the
.Fl m
and
.Fl r
options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
relative to each other.
.It Fl e
Display the environment as well.
The environment for other
users' processes can only be displayed by the super-user.
.It Fl h
Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
header per page of information.
.It Fl j
Print information associated with the following keywords:
.Ar user , pid , ppid , pgid , sess , jobc , state , tt , time ,
and
.Ar command .
.It Fl k Ar key
Sort the output using the space or comma separated list of keywords.
Multiple sort keys may be specified, using any of the
.Fl k , Fl m ,
or
.Fl r
options.
The default sort order is equivalent to
.Fl k Ar tdev,pid .
.It Fl L
List the set of available keywords.
.It Fl l
Display information associated with the following keywords:
.Ar uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , wchan , state ,
.Ar tt , time ,
and
.Ar command .
.It Fl M Ar core
Extract values from the specified core file instead of the running system.
.It Fl m
Sort by memory usage.
This is equivalent to
.Fl k Ar vsz .
.It Fl N Ar system
Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
.Dq Pa /netbsd .
Ignored unless
.Fl M
is specified.
.It Fl O Ar fmt
Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specified.
The
.Fl O
option does not suppress the default display;
it inserts additional keywords just after the
.Ar pid
keyword in the default display, or after the
.Ar pid
keyword (if any) in a non-default display specified before the
first use of the
.Fl O
flag.
Keywords inserted by multiple
.Fl O
options will be adjacent.
.Pp
An equals sign
.Pq Dq \&=
followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword,
as described in more detail under the
.Fl o
option.
.It Fl o Ar fmt
Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
of keywords specified.
Use of the
.Fl o
option suppresses the set of keywords that would be displayed by default,
or appends to the set of keywords specified by other options.
.Pp
An equals sign
.Pq Dq \&=
followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword.
This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
the default header associated with the keyword.
.Pp
Everything after the first equals sign is part of the customised
header text, and this may include embedded spaces
.Pq Dq " " ,
commas
.Pq Dq \&, ,
or equals signs
.Pq Dq \&= .
To specify multiple keywords with customised headers, use multiple
.Fl o
or
.Fl O
options.
.Pp
If all the keywords to be displayed have customised headers,
and all the customised headers are entirely empty,
then the header line is not printed at all.
.It Fl p Ar pid
Display information associated with the specified process ID.
.It Fl r
Sort by current CPU usage.
This is equivalent to
.Fl k Ar %cpu .
.It Fl S
Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
children to their parent process.
.It Fl s
Display one line for each LWP, rather than one line for each process,
and display information associated with the following keywords:
.Ar uid , pid , ppid , cpu , lid , nlwp , pri , nice , vsz , rss ,
.Ar wchan , lstate , tt , time ,
and
.Ar command .
.It Fl T
Display information about processes attached to the device associated
with the standard input.
.It Fl t Ar tty
Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
device.
Use a question mark
.Pq Dq \&?
for processes not attached to a
terminal device and a minus sign
.Pq Dq -
for processes that have
been revoked from their terminal device.
.It Fl U Ar user
Display processes belonging to the specified user,
given either as a user name or a uid.
.It Fl u
Display information associated with the following keywords:
.Ar user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
and
.Ar command .
The
.Fl u
option implies the
.Fl r
option.
.It Fl v
Display information associated with the following keywords:
.Ar pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
.Ar %cpu , %mem ,
and
.Ar command .
The
.Fl v
option implies the
.Fl m
option.
.It Fl W Ar swap
Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the default,
.Dq Pa /dev/drum .
Ignored unless
.Fl M
is specified.
.It Fl w
Use 132 columns to display information instead of the default, which
is your window size.
If the
.Fl w
option is specified more than once,
.Nm
will use as many columns as necessary without regard to your window size.
.It Fl x
Also display information about processes without controlling terminals.
.El
.Pp
A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Ar %cpu
The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
a minute of previous (real) time.
Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
be very young) it is possible for the sum of all %CPU fields to exceed 100%.
.It Ar %mem
The percentage of real memory used by this process.
.It Ar flags
The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in
the include file
.In sys/proc.h :
.Bl -column P_NOCLDSTOP P_NOCLDSTOP compact
.It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00000001	process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
.It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00000002	process has a controlling terminal"
.It Dv "P_NOCLDSTOP" Ta No "0x00000008	no" Dv SIGCHLD No when children stop
.It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00000010	parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
.It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00000020	process has started profiling"
.It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x00000040	selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
.It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x00000080	sleep is interruptible"
.It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00000100	process had set id privileges since last exec"
.It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00000200	system process: no sigs or stats"
.It Dv "P_TIMEOUT" Ta No "0x00000400	timing out during sleep"
.It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00000800	process is being traced"
.It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x00001000	debugging process has waited for child"
.It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x00002000	working on exiting"
.It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x00004000	process called" Xr execve 2
.It Dv "P_OWEUPC" Ta No "0x00008000	owe process an addupc() call at next ast"
.\" the routine addupc is not documented in the man pages
.It Dv "P_NOCLDWAIT" Ta No "0x00020000	no zombies when children die"
.It Dv "P_32" Ta No "0x00040000	32-bit process (used on 64-bit kernels)"
.It Dv "P_BIGLOCK" Ta No "0x00080000	process needs kernel ``big lock'' to run"
.It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x00100000	process is exec'ing and cannot be traced"
.El
.It Ar lim
The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
.Xr setrlimit 2 .
.It Ar lstart
The exact time the command started, using the
.Dq \&%c
format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
.It Ar nice
The process scheduling increment (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It Ar rss
the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
.It Ar start
The time the command started.
If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
displayed using the
.Dq %l:%M%p
format described in
.Xr strftime 3 .
If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
displayed using the
.Dq %a%p
format.
Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
.Dq %e%b%y
format.
.It Ar state
The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
.Dq RNs .
The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It D
Marks a process in device or other short term, uninterruptible wait.
.It I
Marks a process that is idle (sleeping interruptibly for longer than about
.Dv MAXSLP
(default 20) seconds).
.It O
Marks a process running on a processor.
.It R
Marks a runnable process, or one that is in the process of creation.
.It S
Marks a process that is sleeping interruptibly for less than about
.Dv MAXSLP
(default 20) seconds.
.It T
Marks a stopped process.
.It U
Marks a suspended process.
.It Z
Marks a dead process that has exited, but not been waited for (a
.Dq zombie ) .
.El
.Pp
Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
information:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It +
The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
.It -
The LWP is detached (can't be waited for).
.It <
The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
.It a
The process is using scheduler activations (deprecated).
.It E
The process is in the process of exiting.
.It K
The process is a kernel thread or system process.
.It l
The process has multiple LWPs.
.It N
The process is niced (has reduced CPU scheduling priority) (see
.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
.It s
The process is a session leader.
.It V
The process is suspended during a
.Xr vfork 2 .
.It X
The process is being traced or debugged.
.El
.It Ar tt
An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
The abbreviation consists of the two letters following
.Dq Pa /dev/tty
or, for the console,
.Dq co .
This is followed by a
.Dq \&-
if the process can no longer reach that
controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
.It Ar wchan
The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
as 324000.
.El
.Pp
When printing using the
.Ar command
keyword, a process that has exited and has a parent that has not yet
waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) is listed as
.Dq Aq defunct ,
and a process which is blocked while trying to exit is listed as
.Dq Aq exiting .
.Pp
.Nm
will try to locate the processes' argument vector from the user
area in order to print the command name and arguments.
This method is not reliable because a process is allowed to destroy this
information.
The
.Ar ucomm
(accounting) keyword will always contain the real command name as
contained in the process structure's
.Va p_comm
field.
.Pp
If the command vector cannot be located (usually because it has not
been set, as is the case of system processes and/or kernel threads)
the command name is printed within square brackets.
.Pp
To indicate that the argument vector has been tampered with,
.Nm
will append the real command name to the output within parentheses
if the basename of the first argument in the argument vector
does not match the contents of the real command name.
.Pp
In addition,
.Nm
checks for the following two situations and does not append the
real command name parenthesized:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It -shellname
The login process traditionally adds a
.Sq -
in front of the shell name to indicate a login shell.
.Nm
will not append parenthesized the command name if it matches with
the name in the first argument of the argument vector, skipping
the leading
.Sq - .
.It daemonname: current-activity
Daemon processes frequently report their current activity by setting
their name to be like
.Dq daemonname: current-activity .
.Nm
will not append parenthesized the command name, if the string preceding the
.Sq \&:
in the first argument of the argument vector matches the command name.
.El
.Sh KEYWORDS
The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
meanings.
Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width groupnames -compact
.It Ar %cpu
percentage CPU usage (alias
.Ar pcpu )
.It Ar %mem
percentage memory usage (alias
.Ar pmem )
.It Ar acflag
accounting flag (alias
.Ar acflg )
.It Ar comm
command (the argv[0] value)
.It Ar command
command and arguments (alias
.Ar args )
.It Ar cpu
short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
.It Ar cpuid
CPU number the current process or lwp is running on.
.It Ar ctime
accumulated CPU time of all children that have exited
.It Ar egid
effective group id
.It Ar egroup
group name (from egid)
.It Ar emul
emulation name
.It Ar etime
elapsed time since the process was started, in the form
.Li [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss
.It Ar euid
effective user id
.It Ar euser
user name (from euid)
.It Ar flags
the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
.Ar f )
.It Ar gid
effective group id
.It Ar group
group name (from gid)
.It Ar groupnames
group names (from group access list)
.It Ar groups
group access list
.It Ar inblk
total blocks read (alias
.Ar inblock )
.It Ar jobc
job control count
.It Ar ktrace
tracing flags
.It Ar ktracep
tracing vnode
.It Ar laddr
kernel virtual address of the
.Ft "struct lwp"
belonging to the LWP.
.It Ar lid
ID of the LWP
.It Ar lim
memory use limit
.It Ar lname
descriptive name of the LWP
.It Ar logname
login name of user who started the process (alias
.Ar login )
.It Ar lstart
time started
.It Ar lstate
symbolic LWP state
.It Ar ltime
CPU time of the LWP
.It Ar majflt
total page faults
.It Ar minflt
total page reclaims
.It Ar msgrcv
total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
.It Ar msgsnd
total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
.It Ar nice
nice value (alias
.Ar ni )
.It Ar nivcsw
total involuntary context switches
.It Ar nlwp
number of LWPs in the process
.It Ar nsigs
total signals taken (alias
.Ar nsignals )
.It Ar nvcsw
total voluntary context switches
.It Ar nwchan
wait channel (as an address)
.It Ar oublk
total blocks written (alias
.Ar oublock )
.It Ar p_ru
resource usage pointer (valid only for zombie)
.It Ar paddr
kernel virtual address of the
.Ft "struct proc"
belonging to the process.
.It Ar pagein
pageins (same as majflt)
.It Ar pgid
process group number
.It Ar pid
process ID
.It Ar ppid
parent process ID
.It Ar pri
scheduling priority
.It Ar re
core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
.It Ar rgid
real group ID
.It Ar rlink
reverse link on run queue, or 0
.It Ar rlwp
number of LWPs on a processor or run queue
.It Ar rss
resident set size
.It Ar rsz
resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias
.Ar rssize )
.It Ar ruid
real user ID
.It Ar ruser
user name (from ruid)
.It Ar sess
session pointer
.It Ar sid
session ID
.It Ar sig
pending signals (alias
.Ar pending )
.It Ar sigcatch
caught signals (alias
.Ar caught )
.It Ar sigignore
ignored signals (alias
.Ar ignored )
.It Ar sigmask
blocked signals (alias
.Ar blocked )
.It Ar sl
sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
.It Ar start
time started
.It Ar state
symbolic process state (alias
.Ar stat )
.It Ar stime
accumulated system CPU time
.It Ar svgid
saved gid from a setgid executable
.It Ar svgroup
group name (from svgid)
.It Ar svuid
saved uid from a setuid executable
.It Ar svuser
user name (from svuid)
.It Ar tdev
control terminal device number
.It Ar time
accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
.Ar cputime )
.It Ar tpgid
control terminal process group ID
.It Ar tsess
control terminal session pointer
.It Ar tsiz
text size (in Kbytes)
.It Ar tt
control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
.It Ar tty
full name of control terminal
.It Ar uaddr
kernel virtual address of the
.Ft "struct user"
belonging to the LWP.
.It Ar ucomm
name to be used for accounting
.It Ar uid
effective user ID
.It Ar upr
scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
.Ar usrpri )
.It Ar user
user name (from uid)
.It Ar utime
accumulated user CPU time
.It Ar vsz
virtual size in Kbytes (alias
.Ar vsize )
.It Ar wchan
wait channel (as a symbolic name)
.It Ar xstat
exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /var/run/kvm.db -compact
.It Pa /dev
special files and device names
.It Pa /dev/drum
default swap device
.It Pa /var/run/dev.cdb
/dev name database
.It Pa /var/db/kvm.db
system name list database
.It Pa /netbsd
default system name list
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr kill 1 ,
.Xr pgrep 1 ,
.Xr pkill 1 ,
.Xr sh 1 ,
.Xr w 1 ,
.Xr kvm 3 ,
.Xr strftime 3 ,
.Xr dev_mkdb 8 ,
.Xr pstat 8
.Sh HISTORY
A
.Nm
utility appeared in
.At v3
in section 8 of the manual.
.Sh BUGS
Since
.Nm
cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
process, the information it displays can never be exact.