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+.\"	$NetBSD: ls.1,v 1.80 2017/07/03 21:33:23 wiz Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)ls.1	8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
+.\"
+.Dd August 10, 2016
+.Dt LS 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm ls
+.Nd list directory contents
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Op Fl 1AaBbCcdFfghikLlMmnOoPpqRrSsTtuWwXx
+.Op Ar
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+For each
+.Ar file
+operand that names a file of a type other than
+directory,
+.Nm
+displays its name as well as any requested,
+associated information.
+For each
+.Ar file
+operand that names a file of type directory,
+.Nm
+displays the names of files contained
+within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
+information.
+.Pp
+If no operands are given, the contents of the current
+directory are displayed.
+If more than one operand is given,
+non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
+and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
+lexicographical order.
+.Pp
+The following options are available:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl \&1
+(The numeric digit
+.Dq one ) .
+Force output to be one entry per line.
+This is the default when output is not to a terminal.
+.It Fl A
+List all entries except for
+.Ql \&.
+and
+.Ql \&.. .
+Always set for the super-user.
+.It Fl a
+Include directory entries whose names begin with a
+dot
+.Pq Sq \&. .
+.It Fl B
+Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as \exxx, where xxx
+is the numeric value of the character in octal.
+.It Fl b
+As
+.Fl B ,
+but use C escape codes whenever possible.
+.It Fl C
+Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
+.It Fl c
+Use time when file status was last changed,
+instead of time of last modification of the file for printing
+.Pq Fl l
+or sorting
+.Pq Fl t .
+Overrides
+.Fl u .
+.It Fl d
+Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively) and
+symbolic links in the argument list are not followed.
+Turns off
+.Fl R
+if also given.
+.It Fl F
+Display a slash
+.Pq Sq \&/
+immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
+an asterisk
+.Pq Sq \&*
+after each that is executable,
+an at sign
+.Pq Sq \&@
+after each symbolic link,
+a percent sign
+.Pq Sq \&%
+after each whiteout,
+an equal sign
+.Pq Sq \&=
+after each socket,
+and a vertical bar
+.Pq Sq \&|
+after each that is a
+.Tn FIFO .
+.It Fl f
+Output is not sorted.
+This option implies
+.Fl a .
+.It Fl g
+The same as
+.Fl l ,
+except that the owner is not printed.
+.It Fl h
+Modifies the
+.Fl l
+and
+.Fl s
+options, causing the sizes to be reported in bytes displayed in a human
+readable format.
+Overrides
+.Fl k
+and
+.Fl M .
+.It Fl i
+For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
+.It Fl k
+Modifies the
+.Fl s
+option, causing the sizes to be reported in kilobytes.
+Overrides
+.Fl h .
+.It Fl L
+For each file, if it's a link, evaluate file information and file type
+of the referenced file and not the link itself; however still print
+the link name, unless used with
+.Fl l ,
+for example.
+.It Fl l
+(The lowercase letter
+.Dq ell ) .
+List in long format.
+(See below.)
+.It Fl M
+Modifies the
+.Fl l
+and
+.Fl s
+options, causing the sizes or block counts reported to be separated with
+commas (or a locale appropriate separator) resulting in a more readable
+output.
+Overrides
+.Fl h ;
+does not override
+.Fl k .
+.It Fl m
+Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
+.It Fl n
+The same as
+.Fl l ,
+except that
+the owner and group IDs are displayed numerically rather than converting
+to a owner or group name.
+.It Fl O
+Output only leaf files (not directories), eliding other
+.Nm
+output.
+.It Fl o
+Include the file flags in a long
+.Pq Fl l
+output.
+If no file flags are set,
+.Dq -
+is displayed.
+(See
+.Xr chflags 1
+for a list of possible flags and their meanings.)
+.It Fl P
+Print the full pathname for each file.
+.It Fl p
+Display a slash
+.Pq Sq \&/
+immediately after each pathname that is a directory.
+.It Fl q
+Force printing of non-printable characters in file names as
+the character
+.Sq \&? ;
+this is the default when output is to a terminal.
+.It Fl R
+Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
+See also
+.Fl d .
+.It Fl r
+Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse
+lexicographical order or the smallest or oldest entries first.
+.It Fl S
+Sort by size, largest file first.
+.It Fl s
+Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units
+of 512 bytes or
+.Ev BLOCKSIZE
+(see
+.Sx ENVIRONMENT )
+where partial units are rounded up to the
+next integer value.
+If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file
+sizes is output on a line before the listing.
+.It Fl T
+When used with the
+.Fl l
+(the lowercase letter
+.Dq ell )
+option, display complete time information for the file, including
+month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
+.It Fl t
+Sort by time modified (most recently modified
+first) before sorting the operands by lexicographical
+order.
+.It Fl u
+Use time of last access,
+instead of last modification
+of the file for printing
+.Pq Fl l
+or sorting
+.Pq Fl t .
+Overrides
+.Fl c .
+.It Fl W
+Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
+.It Fl w
+Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
+This is the default when output is not to a terminal.
+.It Fl x
+Multi-column output sorted across the page rather than down the page.
+.It Fl X
+Don't cross mount points when recursing.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl B ,
+.Fl b ,
+.Fl q ,
+and
+.Fl w
+options all override each other; the last one specified determines
+the format used for non-printable characters.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl 1 ,
+.Fl C ,
+.Fl g ,
+.Fl l ,
+.Fl m ,
+and
+.Fl x
+options all override each other; the last one specified determines
+the format used with the exception that if both
+.Fl l
+and
+.Fl g
+are specified,
+.Fl l
+will always override
+.Fl g ,
+even if
+.Fl g
+was specified last.
+.Pp
+By default,
+.Nm
+lists one entry per line to standard
+output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
+.Fl C
+or
+.Fl m
+options are specified.
+.Pp
+File information is displayed with one or more
+.Aq blank
+characters separating the information associated with the
+.Fl i ,
+.Fl l ,
+and
+.Fl s
+options.
+.Ss The Long Format
+If the
+.Fl l
+option is given, the following information
+is displayed for each file:
+.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
+.It
+file mode
+.It
+number of links
+.It
+owner name
+.It
+group name
+.It
+file flags (if
+.Fl o
+given)
+.It
+number of bytes in the file
+.It
+abbreviated month file was last modified
+.It
+day-of-month file was last modified
+.It
+hour and minute file was last modified
+.It
+pathname
+.El
+.Pp
+In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the total
+number of file system blocks in units of 512 bytes or
+.Ev BLOCKSIZE
+(see
+.Sx ENVIRONMENT )
+used by the files in the directory is displayed on a line by itself
+immediately before the information for the files in the directory.
+.Pp
+If the owner or group names are not a known owner or group name,
+or the
+.Fl n
+option is given,
+the numeric ID's are displayed.
+.Pp
+If the file is a character special or block special file,
+the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed
+in the size field.
+If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
+linked-to file is preceded by
+.Dq \-> .
+.Pp
+The file mode printed under the
+.Fl l
+option consists of the entry type, owner permissions, group
+permissions, and other permissions.
+The entry type character describes the type of file, as
+follows:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
+.It Sy \-
+Regular file.
+.It Sy a
+Archive state 1.
+.It Sy A
+Archive state 2.
+.It Sy b
+Block special file.
+.It Sy c
+Character special file.
+.It Sy d
+Directory.
+.It Sy l
+Symbolic link.
+.It Sy p
+FIFO.
+.It Sy s
+Socket link.
+.It Sy w
+Whiteout.
+.El
+.Pp
+The next three fields
+are three characters each:
+owner permissions,
+group permissions, and
+other permissions.
+Each field has three character positions:
+.Bl -enum -offset indent
+.It
+If
+.Sy r ,
+the file is readable; if
+.Sy \- ,
+it is not readable.
+.It
+If
+.Sy w ,
+the file is writable; if
+.Sy \- ,
+it is not writable.
+.It
+The first of the following that applies:
+.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
+.It Sy S
+If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
+set-user-ID mode is set.
+If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
+and set-group-ID mode is set.
+.It Sy s
+If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
+and set-user-ID mode is set.
+If in the group permissions, the file is executable
+and setgroup-ID mode is set.
+.It Sy x
+The file is executable or the directory is
+searchable.
+.It Sy \-
+The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
+nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
+(See below.)
+.El
+.Pp
+These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
+(other permissions).
+.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
+.It Sy T
+The sticky bit is set
+(mode
+.Li 1000 ) ,
+but not execute or search permission.
+(See
+.Xr chmod 1
+or
+.Xr sticky 7 . )
+.It Sy t
+The sticky bit is set (mode
+.Li 1000 ) ,
+and is searchable or executable.
+(See
+.Xr chmod 1
+or
+.Xr sticky 7 . )
+.El
+.El
+.Pp
+The number of bytes displayed for a directory is a function of the
+number of
+.Xr dirent 3
+structures in the directory, not all of which may be allocated to
+any existing file.
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+The following environment variables affect the execution of
+.Nm :
+.Bl -tag -width BLOCKSIZE
+.It Ev BLOCKSIZE
+If the environment variable
+.Ev BLOCKSIZE
+is set, and the
+.Fl k
+option is not specified, the block counts
+(see
+.Fl l
+and
+.Fl s )
+will be displayed in units of that size block.
+.It Ev COLUMNS
+If this variable contains a string representing a
+decimal integer, it is used as the
+column position width for displaying
+multiple-text-column output.
+The
+.Nm
+utility calculates how
+many pathname text columns to display
+based on the width provided.
+(See
+.Fl C . )
+.It Ev TZ
+The timezone to use when displaying dates.
+See
+.Xr environ 7
+for more information.
+.El
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+.Ex -std
+.Sh COMPATIBILITY
+The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
+files in order to be compatible with the
+.St -p1003.2
+specification.
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr chflags 1 ,
+.Xr chmod 1 ,
+.Xr stat 2 ,
+.Xr dirent 3 ,
+.Xr getbsize 3 ,
+.Xr sticky 7 ,
+.Xr symlink 7
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Nm
+utility is expected to be a superset of the
+.St -p1003.2
+specification.
+.Sh HISTORY
+An
+.Nm
+utility appeared in
+.At v1 .